Albania's leader who made isolation and self-reliance state policy
The 1961 rupture with the USSR showed how far a small socialist state could take an ideological break.
He led Albania's communists and anti-occupation resistance, founding the postwar people's republic. He broke diplomatic relations with the USSR in 1961 and later with China, pursuing an independent Stalinist line.
Career timeline
1944–1985First secretary of the Party of Labour and leader of Albania
Introducing Alia to one of his doctors, Hoxha said: "Younger comrades, like this one, will step in."
He succeeded Hoxha as Albanian party leader in 1985. Limited external opening initially sought to preserve the system, but economic crisis and protests led to acceptance of multiparty politics. He became president in 1991 and left office in 1992.
Career timeline
1943Joined the Albanian Communist Party
1948Member of the Central Committee
1956Candidate member of the Politburo
1961Full member of the Politburo
1982Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly (head of state)
1985First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania
