People

Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR/SR) Non-Bolshevik socialists 1850–1919 ○ Natural causes

The great unifier of the Russian revolutionary movement, from the Chaikovtsy to the Left SRs

'I have complete discord with Lenin... I no longer believe in Lenin' — in 1919, on the eve of exile, breaking with the Bolsheviks after half a century of shared struggle.

Mark Natanson was a pivotal organizer who built the institutional backbone of the Russian revolutionary movement across half a century: co-founding the Circle of Tchaikovsky, Land and Liberty, and the People's Rights Party, and serving on the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Known as the 'Ivan Kalita of the revolution' for his talent in unifying dispersed circles, he stood with Lenin as an internationalist at the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences during the First World War. In 1917 he led the formation of the Left SRs and later the Party of Revolutionary Communism, backing the Bolsheviks through the October Revolution, but grew disillusioned as the regime turned toward one-party dictatorship, leaving the words 'I no longer believe in Lenin' before fleeing into exile.

Party of Left Socialist Revolutionaries Non-Bolshevik socialists 1889–1922 ✕ Killed in GPU firefight

The man whose name became the rebellion: SR leader of the Tambov 'Antonovshchina,' the largest peasant uprising against Bolshevik rule

'Power was not torn from the hands of the tsarist executioners to be handed over to a handful of executioner-communists' — from a leaflet distributed during the uprising

A Socialist Revolutionary militant who served a twenty-year katorga sentence in the Schlisselburg Fortress under the Tsar for armed expropriations. Freed by the February Revolution, he became chief of the Kirsanov district militia, but the Bolsheviks' grain requisitioning and local repression drove him underground in 1918. In August 1920 he seized leadership of the Tambov peasant uprising, building a partisan army of roughly twenty regiments and an alternative government based on Unions of the Working Peasantry: the revolt was so identified with him that it became known as the 'Antonovshchina.' He was killed in a firefight with GPU forces alongside his brother Dmitri in June 1922.