Kodang Cho Man-sik, the Korean Democratic Party leader removed from the northern political stage in 1946
On 30 December 1945 Cho's party adopted its anti-trusteeship resolution despite pressure from the Soviet military command, and on 5 January 1946 the command confined him to the Koryo Hotel. From this point nationalists disappeared from the northern political stage and the left took the lead.
Cho Man-sik (1883-1950), pen name Kodang, was born in Kangso, South Pyongan Province, and worked as an educator, Presbyterian elder, journalist and politician. He graduated from Meiji University in 1913, taught at Osan School and became its headmaster in 1915, and later headed the Pyongyang YMCA, the Korean Product Promotion Society and the Chosun Ilbo. He pursued anti-Japanese activity on Gandhi's nonviolent line. After liberation he chaired the South Pyongan Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and then the South Pyongan People's Political Committee, a left-right coalition that also included the South Pyongan Communist Party. He founded the Korean Democratic Party on 3 November 1945, and on 5 January 1946 the Soviet military command confined him to the Koryo Hotel. No confirmed reports of him remain and his death is reported rather than established.
Career timeline
- 1913–1915Graduated from Meiji University in 1913, became a teacher at Osan School that year and its headmaster in 1915, working in national education
- 1920s–1930sGeneral secretary of the Pyongyang YMCA and elder at Sanjonghyon Church; president of the Korean Product Promotion Society, chair of the Sin'ganhoe Pyongyang branch and president of the Chosun Ilbo
- 1945.08Chaired the South Pyongan Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence, then the South Pyongan People's Political Committee, a left-right coalition
- 1945.10–11Land reform and tenancy disputes over the 7:3 system exposed his position; right-wing members left the committee for the South, and on 24 November its name dropped "political", turning it into a left-led body
- 1945.11.03Founded the Korean Democratic Party and was elected its leader on an anti-trusteeship line
- 1945.12.30His party's central committee adopted an anti-trusteeship resolution rejecting trusteeship outright
- 1946.01.05Confined to the Koryo Hotel by the Soviet military command and removed from the political stage
- 1946.02Choe Yong-gon took over the party, and its first congress on 24 February elected him leader
- 1948–1950Kept in detention without trial amid failed exchange talks; confirmed reports end and his death is reported and presumed, its date and circumstances not established
He met Lenin and Sun Yat-sen, then staked everything on left-right unity: the last Korean unificationist before partition
“A revolutionary does not die in bed. I will die in the street.” He said this to his children after surviving multiple assassination attempts. On 19 July 1947, at the Hyehwa-dong rotary, a bullet from the White Shirts Society found him.
In 1918 he founded the New Korean Youth League and sparked the March First Movement through the February 8 Declaration of Independence. He co-founded the Korean Provisional Government, met Lenin and Trotsky in Moscow (1922), and joined the Chinese Nationalist Party at Sun Yat-sen's invitation. In August 1945 he secured peaceful transfer of authority from Japan's governor-general, formed the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence, and became vice-chair of the People's Republic of Korea. In 1946–47 he led the left-right cooperation movement with Kim Kyu-sik, the last serious attempt at a unified Korea, before being assassinated by a right-wing terrorist. He is officially honored by both South and North Korea.
Career timeline
- 1918Founded New Korean Youth League in Shanghai; became its leader
- 1919Led the February 8 Declaration of Independence; Deputy Foreign Minister of the Korean Provisional Government
- 1920–1922Joined Koryŏ Communist Party (Shanghai faction); met Lenin and Trotsky at the Congress of the Peoples of the East in Moscow
- 1925–1929Joined Chinese Nationalist Party at Sun Yat-sen's invitation; participated in First United Front
- 1933–1936President of Chosun JoongAng Ilbo; Chairman of Joseon Sports Council
- 1944Founded the secret Korean Restoration Brotherhood; built nationwide network
- 1945.08–09Chairman, Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence; Vice-Chair, People's Republic of Korea
- 1946–1947Led left-right cooperation movement with Kim Kyu-sik; Chairman, Labor People's Party
Principal organizer of the Workers' Party of Korea and leader of its early Soviet faction
At the Second Party Congress in March 1948, Ho Ka-i took the podium unannounced and rebuked officials who had apologized without admitting wrongdoing: "An apology that does not own the mistake is empty words" — setting a new standard of party discipline.
A Soviet Korean revolutionary dispatched to Pyongyang in 1945 by the Soviet occupation authorities, he became the principal organizer in the founding of the Workers' Party of Korea. As first secretary and second vice-chairman of the Central Committee, he pursued a Soviet-style elite cadre party and, during the Korean War, led a sweeping purge that expelled over 450,000 of the party's 600,000 members. His clash with Kim Il Sung over whether to build a mass party or a vanguard party led to his removal in 1951, making him the emblematic figure of the Soviet faction's rise and fall in the early DPRK.
Career timeline
- 1930Joined the CPSU(B)
- 1932Secretary of the Far Eastern Komsomol committee
- 1937Purged from the Party; deported to Central Asia with other Soviet Koreans
- 1939Reinstated in the Party; resumed cadre work in Uzbekistan
- 1946Member of the Political Committee and head of the Organization Department, Workers' Party of North Korea
- 1948Vice-chairman of the Workers' Party of North Korea and chairman of the Inspection Committee
- 1949First Secretary and Second Vice-chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea Central Committee
- 1951Dismissed after confrontation with Kim Il Sung; demoted to Deputy Premier
Journalist who headed propaganda for the Pyongnam CPKI
In 1945 in P'yŏngyang he was propaganda chief of the South P'yŏngan Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and took part as it became the South P'yŏngan People's Political Committee under Soviet prompting. No source records him personally contacting the Soviet command.
Han Chae-dok (韓載德, 1911–1970) was a journalist from Sŏngch'ŏn in South P'yŏngan Province. Under colonial rule he reported for Chosŏn Chungang Ilbo as its Tokyo correspondent and later for P'yŏngyang Maeil Sinmun, and in 1933 he brought out the literary journal Chiptan with the poet Im Hwa. In 1945 he was propaganda chief of the South P'yŏngan Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and took part as Soviet pressure reorganized it into the South P'yŏngan People's Political Committee. He edited P'yŏngyang Minbo that year, and from 1946 served as secretary-general of the North Korean League of Literature and Arts and as editor-in-chief of Minju Chosŏn. After heading the Korean Central News Agency's domestic news department, he was dispatched to Japan in 1953; in 1959 he defected to the Republic of Korea, working there as an anti-communist researcher and writer until his death.
Career timeline
- 1933Brought out the literary journal Chiptan with the poet Im Hwa
- Japanese colonial periodTokyo correspondent for Chosŏn Chungang Ilbo; reporter for P'yŏngyang Maeil Sinmun
- 1945Propaganda chief of the South P'yŏngan Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence; editor-in-chief of P'yŏngyang Minbo
- 1946Joined the Korean Communist Party; secretary-general of the North Korean League of Literature and Arts; editor-in-chief of Minju Chosŏn
- 1953After heading the Korean Central News Agency's domestic news department, dispatched to Japan
- 1959Defected to the Republic of Korea; worked at the Institute for Communist Bloc Research
The Soviet-Korean general who signed the Korean Armistice at Panmunjom
At Panmunjom on 27 July 1953, General Nam Il and Lieutenant General Harrison barely acknowledged each other as they signed eighteen copies of the armistice. In those ten minutes that stopped three years of war, he was the face of North Korea.
A Koryo-saram born in the Russian Far East, he was deported with his family to Central Asia in 1937 and served as a Soviet Army officer at Stalingrad and the Battle of Berlin. Dispatched to northern Korea in 1946, he became a close aide to Kim Il Sung, and when the Korean War broke out he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Korean People's Army. From 1951 he led the communist delegation at the Panmunjom armistice talks for two years and on 27 July 1953 signed the Korean Armistice Agreement as the KPA's senior delegate, becoming the face of North Korea to the world. After the war he served as Foreign Minister and Deputy Premier, surviving the purges that eliminated most of his Soviet-Korean colleagues, but died in a suspicious car crash in 1976.
Career timeline
- 1939–1946Teacher and education official in USSR; served as Soviet Army captain in the German-Soviet War
- 1946–1950Dispatched to northern Korea, rose to Deputy Minister of Education
- 1950–1953KPA Chief of Staff; chief communist delegate at armistice talks
- 1953Signed the Korean Armistice Agreement for the KPA, 27 July
- 1953–1959Minister of Foreign Affairs
- 1957–1976Deputy Premier of the DPRK Cabinet
- 1966–1972Minister of Railways; Chairman of the State Construction Committee
- 1972–1976State Administrative Council Vice Premier; Chairman of the State Light Industry Committee
A general whose colonial military career met failure at the war’s outbreak
At dawn on 28 June 1950, the Han River bridges were destroyed on his order.
Chae Byeong-deok was a general who moved from an officer career in the Imperial Japanese Army into the founding and expansion of the South Korean armed forces after liberation. When the Korean War began in June 1950, he was Army Chief of Staff and failed to organize adequate forward readiness and command, while bearing responsibility for the order that led to the premature destruction of the Han River bridges during the retreat from Seoul. Dismissed soon after the outbreak, he was sent to the southern front and killed in action at the Battle of Hadong in July.
Career timeline
- 1937Graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and commissioned as an artillery officer
- 1940–1945Instructor at the Japanese Army Ordnance School and manager of an army arsenal
- 1946Graduated from the Military English School and became commander of the 1st Regiment of the South Korean Constabulary
- 1948Chief of Staff of the National Defense Bureau and Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Ministry of National Defense
- 1949Second Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army
- 1950.04–1950.06.30Fourth Army Chief of Staff and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
- 1950.06.30–1950.07.27Commander of the South Gyeongsang Province Defence Command; killed at the Battle of Hadong
