Activities and affiliations

What people did, and whom they served in that activity.

Activity

All 5 Political and party leadership 4 Social movements and organizing 1

State, movement or organization

All 288 Soviet Union 91 Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks 76 Left Opposition 16 Solidarity (Solidarność) 7 Narodnaya Volya 6 Left Communists 4 Communist Party USA (CPUSA) 4 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) 4 Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1
All 42 affiliations by country

Brazil

Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) 1

China

Communist Party of China 2

Czechoslovakia

Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) 3

Estonia

Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne) 1

France

French Communist Party (PCF) 2 General Confederation of Labour (CGT, France) 2 Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP/FTPF) 1 Cordeliers Club 2 Enragés 1 Conspiracy of the Equals / Société des Égaux 2

Germany

Germany state institutions 1 Communist Party of Germany (KPD) 1 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1

Greece

Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 1

Hungary

Party of Communists in Hungary (KMP) 1

International organizations

Comintern 2 International Workingmen's Association (First International) 3 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 2

Poland

Solidarity (Solidarność) 7 Workers' Defence Committee (KOR) 2 Free Trade Unions of the Coast (WZZ) 3 Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) 1

Russia

Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR/SR) 3 Party of Left Socialist Revolutionaries 2 Narodnaya Volya 6 General Jewish Labour Bund 1 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) 4

South Africa

South African Communist Party (SACP) 1

Soviet Union

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks 76 ↳ Left Communists 4 ↳ Democratic Centralists (Decists) 3 ↳ Workers' Opposition 2 ↳ Left Opposition 16 ↳ Union of Marxist-Leninists (Ryutin group) 1 Soviet Union 91

Spain

Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1 Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) 1

United Kingdom

Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) 3

United States

Socialist Workers Party (United States) 1 Communist Party USA (CPUSA) 4

Vietnam

Communist Party of Vietnam / Workers' Party of Vietnam 1

Yugoslavia

Communist Party / League of Communists of Yugoslavia (KPJ/SKJ) 1

Social movements and organizing · Communist Party of Spain (PCE) people 1

Clear all

Juan Modesto

Juan Guilloto León
Military command Spanish Republic Spain Spanish 1906–1969 ○ Natural causes

A field commander of the defeated Republic

Of the militia commanders, one contemporary report noted: 'The only one who knows how to read a map is the one they call Modesto.'

Juan Modesto rose from organizing Communist militias to become one of the Republic’s principal commanders. Leading the Fifth Regiment and later the Fifth Army Corps, he embodied the wartime effort to turn fragmented militias into a regular army. As commander of the Army of the Ebro in 1938, he directed the Republic’s last major offensive, but a prolonged battle could not overcome its material and manpower disadvantage. After defeat, he lived in exile in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia and recorded his wartime experience.

Career timeline
  • 1930Joined the Communist Party of Spain
  • 1933–1936Organized the Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias in Madrid
  • 1936Organizer and early commander of the Fifth Regiment
  • 1936–1937Commander of the 4th Division; promoted lieutenant colonel
  • 1937–1938Commander of the Fifth Army Corps in Brunete, Belchite and Teruel
  • 1938.04–11Commander of the Army of the Ebro during the Ebro Offensive
  • 1939General and commander of the Central Army; went into exile in March
  • 1944–1969Lived as an exile, serving in the Soviet Union and Bulgaria before settling in Prague