Heir presumptive of Austria-Hungary whose assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 was the immediate cause of the First World War
Born in Graz, the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig, the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph, he became heir presumptive after Crown Prince Rudolf’s suicide in 1889 and his father’s death in 1896. His morganatic marriage to Sophie Chotek was allowed only after he renounced his descendants’ rights to the throne. He exerted great influence over the armed forces and in 1913 became their inspector general. Clericalism, anti-democratic views and anti-Hungarianism were the cornerstones of his politics; he advocated more autonomy for the empire’s Slav peoples, but urged caution towards Serbia for fear of conflict with Russia. On 28 June 1914 he and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, setting off the July Crisis and the war.
Habsburg archduke and last field marshal of the Austro-Hungarian army who briefly declared himself regent of Hungary in August 1919
Born at Alcsút in Hungary into the Hungarian or Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, he entered the army in 1890, commanded a corps, an army and army groups in the First World War and on 24 October 1918 became the last field marshal of the Austro-Hungarian army. On 27 October Emperor Charles made him homo regius of Hungary, but the Aster Revolution put an end to his plans. After the fall of the Soviet Republic he became head of state in August 1919 as regent for Charles and appointed István Friedrich prime minister, but when it became clear that the Allies would not recognise a Habsburg as head of state he was forced to resign on 23 August. In the Horthy era he was president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1936 to 1944. He left Hungary in 1944 and died in Rain, West Germany, in 1962.
Career timeline
1890Commissioned
1914–1918Corps, army and army group commander
1918Austro-Hungarian field marshal; homo regius of Hungary
1919Regent of Hungary
1927Member of the House of Magnates
1936–1944President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Professional officer who as chief of staff of the Hungarian Red Army directed the northern campaign of 1919
Born in Újpest into a German-origin Evangelical family of intellectuals, he graduated from the Ludovika Academy in 1896, studied at the War Academy in Vienna and in 1913 became its first professor from the Hungarian army. In January 1919 he joined the Social Democratic Party and as state secretary was put in charge of army organisation. Under the Soviet Republic he became chief of staff of the Red Army on 21 April, won an important victory near Miskolc and led the northern campaign, but resigned on 3 July in protest at the acceptance of the Clemenceau note and the order to withdraw. Arrested after the fall, he was sentenced to three years for treason in 1920, and from 1925 he was a member of the illegal Communist Party. He died in 1927 and was posthumously promoted to colonel general in 1945.
Career timeline
1896Graduated from the Ludovika Academy
1913Professor at the War Academy in Vienna
1919Joined the Social Democrats; state secretary for army organisation
