Left communist who broke from her mother's WSPU to stand with East End working women, buried among Ethiopian patriots
"The Bolsheviks have begun to desert communism." In her 1922 Open Letter to Lenin, Pankhurst broke with Moscow. Expelled from the CPGB for refusing to surrender the Workers' Dreadnought, she chose free debate over party discipline.
British suffragette, left communist and anti-colonial activist. Breaking from her mother Emmeline's WSPU to organise working-class women in the East End, she debated Lenin and turned council communist before devoting her final decades to Ethiopia's anti-fascist struggle.
Career timeline
- 1882Born in Manchester to Emmeline and Richard Pankhurst
- 1903–1914Full-time WSPU organiser — designed logo and banners, witnessed Black Friday 1910, organised nationwide suffrage campaign
- 1914–1918Founded ELFS, launched Woman's Dreadnought — anti-war and anti-conscription agitation, rent strikes and cost-price canteens
- 1918–1920Founded WSF, published Workers' Dreadnought — attended 2nd Comintern Congress, debated Lenin directly
- 1921–1924Expelled from CPGB; published Open Letter to Lenin — turned council communist, formed Communist Workers' Party
- 1935–1956Founded and edited New Times and Ethiopia News — opposed fascist invasion, shaped pan-African and anti-colonial opinion
- 1956–1960Moved to Ethiopia — adviser to Haile Selassie, fundraised for first teaching hospital, wrote Ethiopia: A Cultural History
- 1960Died aged 78 in Addis Ababa — Ethiopian state funeral, buried among patriots at Holy Trinity Cathedral
The Black feminist Marxist who pioneered intersectional analysis, and created the Notting Hill Carnival
"A people's art is the genesis of their freedom" — slogan of the first Caribbean carnival, 1959
Trinidad-born Marxist-feminist theorist. Her 1949 analysis of the triple oppression of race, class and gender is recognised as a forerunner of intersectionality. Deported to Britain, she founded a major Black newspaper and organised the Caribbean carnival that gave rise to Notting Hill Carnival.
Career timeline
- 1915Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad; family emigrates to Harlem when she is eight
- 1936Joins the YCL; writer, associate editor, then editor-in-chief of the Weekly Review
- 1945–1955CPUSA Women's Commission secretary; elected to National Committee (1948); Daily Worker Negro Affairs editor
- 1949Publishes landmark essay pioneering intersectional analysis within a Marxist framework
- 1948–1955Four prison terms, Smith Act conviction; deported to Britain in 1955
- 1958–1964Founds West Indian Gazette; organises first indoor Caribbean carnival (1959)
- 1964Dies Christmas Eve; buried left of Karl Marx's grave, Highgate Cemetery
A communist journalist who chose the scene over the party line
At a workers’ council election, hearing “we have absolutely no experience of electing people,” he thought: “So much for ‘people’s democracy.”
Peter Fryer was an English Marxist writer and journalist who sought both truth within the communist movement and international solidarity. In Hungary in 1956 he reported a workers’ and students’ uprising, but the Daily Worker censored or suppressed his dispatches, and he answered with Hungarian Tragedy. The conflict led to his expulsion from the Communist Party and contributed to the crisis that split British communism, after which he became a major historian of Black Britain.
Career timeline
- 1942Joined the Young Communist League
- 1943–1947Reporter, Yorkshire Post
- 1945Joined the Communist Party of Great Britain
- 1948–1956Parliamentary and foreign correspondent, Daily Worker
- 1956Covered the Hungarian Revolution and wrote Hungarian Tragedy
- 1957–1959Editor of The Newsletter and founding member of the Socialist Labour League
- 1984Published Staying Power
- 2006Died in London
