People of the Revolution and the USSR

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Afghanistan

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Position
Citizenship
Background
Era

Richard Ratsimandrava

Richard Ratsimandrava
Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar 1931–1975

Fokonolona and local communities

Accepting power from General Ramanantsoa, he declared, "Tsy hiambaho adidy aho, mon général!" ("I will not shirk my duty, my general!").

A Malagasy officer and politician who, as interior minister after 1972, promoted reorganization through traditional fokonolona communities. He became head of state in February 1975 and was assassinated soon afterward. His proposals should be distinguished from Ratsiraka’s later state planning.

Career timeline
  • 1959Lieutenant in the French army, posted to the 12th Marine Infantry Battalion at Fianarantsoa
  • 1969Commander of the National Gendarmerie, the first Malagasy officer to hold the post
  • 1972Minister of the Interior under General Ramanantsoa's military government
  • 1975.02Head of state and government, Minister of State for National Defense and Planning

Didier Ratsiraka

Didier Ratsiraka
Madagascar Communism Madagascar Madagascar 1936–2021

Madagascar’s socialist charter

“The socialist revolution is the only choice possible for us in order to achieve rapid economic and cultural development in an autonomous, humane, and harmonious manner.”

Madagascar’s leader from 1975. His socialist charter and Second Republic promoted nationalization, planned investment and economic decolonization. Debt and weak production led to market-oriented adjustments in the 1980s amid political opposition.

Career timeline
  • 1962Graduated from the French naval academy; commissioned as a naval officer
  • 1972–1975Foreign minister under Ramanantsoa; renegotiated Franco-Malagasy agreements, left the CFA franc zone
  • 1975Became head of state as chair of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
  • 1975Elected president by referendum; established the Second Republic
  • 1976Founded the ruling party AREMA; became its secretary-general
  • 1982Re-elected president
  • 1989Re-elected president
  • 1991Signed the Panorama Convention, ceding most powers while remaining president
  • 1993Lost the multiparty election to Albert Zafy; left office
  • 1997Re-elected president; returned to office
  • 2002Fled into exile in July after the disputed election
  • 2003Sentenced in absentia to ten years' hard labor for embezzlement
  • 2011Returned from exile after nine years