People of the Revolution and the USSR

Soviet Union Dissident 1907–1987 ○ Stroke

Soviet major general who turned dissident to defend human rights and deported nations

"In the underground one can meet only rats" — his credo of open, public dissent, which became the title of his memoirs.

A Soviet major general (1959) turned dissident, Grigorenko led the Crimean Tatars' struggle for the right of return and co-founded both the Moscow and Ukrainian Helsinki Groups. He openly condemned the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and endured two forced psychiatric incarcerations (1964–65, 1969–74), becoming the landmark case exposing Soviet political abuse of psychiatry.

Soviet Union Dissident 1921–1989 → Internal exile 1980

He built the hydrogen bomb, then turned on the system

On 15 December 1986 KGB officers installed a telephone in the Gorky flat; the next day Gorbachev called personally: "You may return to Moscow." Sakharov thanked him and at once raised the release of political prisoners. Nearly seven years of exile ended; he never set down the agenda of conscience.

Father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and the conscience who laid its privileges down. His decisive break came through the secret letter of 21 July 1967 opposing ABM deployment and the essay "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom", completed in May 1968 and circulated in samizdat, after which he was removed from weapons research; he denounced the Soviet entry into Czechoslovakia that August. Criticism of the Afghan invasion sent him into internal exile in Gorky in 1980. A single telephone call from Gorbachev brought him back in 1986; he died a people's deputy, still fighting from the rostrum.

Soviet Union Dissident 1924–2020 → Stripped of citizenship, deported 1986

The physicist who held the Kremlin to the Helsinki human-rights promises it signed

At his closed trial in May 1978 he told the court: 'Trials like these cannot cure the ills and failings of society to which the documents of the Helsinki Group bear witness.'

A particle-accelerator physicist who became the founder of the Soviet Union's first human-rights monitoring group. In 1956 he called Stalin and Beria 'killers who held power' at a party meeting and was expelled and dismissed; twenty years later, in May 1976, he founded the Moscow Helsinki Group to monitor Soviet compliance with the Helsinki Final Act's human-rights provisions. It was an effort to turn the third-basket promises the Kremlin had itself signed back against it from within. Arrested in February 1977 and sentenced to seven years' camp plus five years' exile, he was stripped of citizenship and deported to the United States in 1986, ending as a professor of physics at Cornell.