The Bessarabian 'Red Robin Hood' who rose from Tsarist outlaw to legendary Soviet Civil War commander
In May 1917, during Carmen at the Odesa Opera House, the recently pardoned Kotovsky appeared to a standing ovation, delivered a revolutionary speech from the stage, and watched his prison shackles auctioned for 10,000 rubles.
A Bessarabian revolutionary commander. Notorious under the Tsar as a bandit who sided with the poor, he led Red cavalry in the Civil War and helped establish the Moldavian ASSR. Mythologized in his lifetime as a legend of Soviet folklore; murdered in 1925.
Career timeline
1905–1916Led armed raiding bands in Bessarabia and Odesa; repeatedly arrested and escaped; sentenced to death 1916, commuted to hard labor
1917Amnestied after February Revolution; served on Romanian Front, awarded George Cross for bravery; joined Left SRs
1918–1919Commanded cavalry in Tiraspol Detachment defending Odesa Soviet Republic; military commissar of Ovidiopol, commander 2nd Brigade, 45th Rifle Division
1920Awarded Order of the Red Banner; joined RCP(b); commanded cavalry brigade on Soviet-Polish front
1921Commander, 17th Cavalry Division of Red Cossacks; wounded suppressing Makhnovist and Antonov uprisings; awarded Honorary Revolutionary Weapon and second Red Banner
1922–1924Commander, 2nd Cavalry Corps; contributed to founding Moldavian ASSR; awarded third Order of the Red Banner
1924–1925Member of USSR Central Executive Committee and Ukrainian/Moldavian CECs; member of Revolutionary Military Council
From his hospital bed before the 1925 operation he wrote to his wife Sofya Alekseevna: "There will be a new consultation on Saturday. I am afraid they may refuse the operation."
Revolutionary and Soviet military leader, born in 1885 at Pishpek in Russian Turkestan (now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) and died in Moscow in 1925. He entered the St Petersburg Polytechnic in 1904 and joined the RSDLP; wounded at the Bloody Sunday demonstration, he led the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile general strike and took part in the December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Arrested in 1907 and sentenced to katorga, he was condemned to death twice, in 1909 and 1910, before both sentences were commuted to hard labour and Siberian exile; he escaped in 1916 and commanded the militia in Minsk in 1917. In the Civil War he defeated Kolchak on the Eastern Front and Wrangel on the Southern Front, took Crimea, drove the 1924 military reform, and became chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council in January 1925.
Career timeline
1905–1917Revolutionary activism, prison and exile; after 1917 moves into Bolshevik military organization
1919–1920Defeats White forces on the Eastern and Turkestan fronts
1920Commands the defeat of Wrangel and the seizure of Crimea on the Southern Front
1924–1925Advances military reform, unified doctrine and regular-army reorganization
1925Dies during surgery soon after becoming war commissar
Co-founder and chief theoretician of the Left SR Party: from coalition with the Bolsheviks to the July 1918 uprising
"We, as political actors, at a moment when an event of immense historical significance is taking place, could least of all occupy ourselves with moral characterization. It was clear to us that our place was with the revolution." — First PLSR Congress, November 1917
Co-founder and chief theoretician of the Left SR Party. Entered coalition with the Bolsheviks, then led the July 1918 uprising against the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. After its suppression he endured repeated exile and was executed in 1938.
Career timeline
1904Joined SR combat organization; arrested and exiled to Turukhansk
1907Escaped abroad, émigré activity in Geneva and Paris; graduated Heidelberg law faculty (1911)
1915Attended Zimmerwald Conference; active as anti-war internationalist
1917.04–11Returned to Russia, co-founded PLSR; VTsIK Presidium member, head of International Department
1917.11Elected to Constituent Assembly (Petrograd capital district, SR list no. 9)
1918.04Elected Chairman of the PLSR Central Committee Presidium
1918.07Led opposition to Brest-Litovsk and the July uprising; went underground after suppression
1920–1937Repeated arrests and exile (Chelyabinsk, Tver, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk); worked as an economist
1938Sentenced to death by VKVS; executed 29 August at Kommunarka; posthumously rehabilitated 1992
Moldovan nobleman turned Bolshevik revolutionary who established Soviet power in the Far East
Standing alone and unarmed before the cadets of Russky Island, Lazo declared: 'For this Russian land on which I now stand, we will die but give it to no one!'
A Moldovan boyar by birth and an Imperial Russian Army officer, Lazo joined the 1917 Revolution and became the Bolshevik military leader who established Soviet power across Siberia and the Russian Far East. He seized control of Krasnoyarsk for the Soviet, commanded the Transbaikal Front against Grigory Semyonov's White forces, and after underground work and partisan warfare in Primorye, organized the January 1920 Vladivostok uprising that ended Kolchak's rule in the Far East. Captured by Japanese troops in April 1920, he was burned alive in a locomotive firebox alongside his comrades, becoming one of the most commemorated martyrs of the Soviet Civil War.
