MPRP leader who joined the Danzan purge and was later expelled as a rightist
At the third party congress in 1924 he joined Rinchingiin Elbegdorj in denouncing Soliin Danzan as a representative of bourgeois interests, leading to his arrest and execution; afterwards he led the party's right wing in policies modelled on the New Economic Policy.
A Mongolian revolutionary and journalist, he was elected to the Mongolian People's Party Central Committee at its first congress in 1921, served as its secretary and deputy chairman, and headed its presidium as chairman from 1923 to 1928. At the third party congress in 1924 he joined the leftist Rinchingiin Elbegdorj in denouncing the moderate Soliin Danzan as a representative of bourgeois interests, leading to Danzan's arrest and execution; he then led the party's right wing in policies modelled on Lenin's New Economic Policy. Expelled as a 'rightist' at the seventh party congress in 1928, he was posted to Moscow as a trade representative at the Mongolian embassy and died there in June 1934. He was also the first editor of the newspapers Ardyn Erkh and Ünen and of the journal Mongol Ardyn Nam, and a translator of Engels.
Career timeline
1918–1920Telegraph and railway communications worker in Niislel Khüree and Khiagt
1920Joined the patriots' movement from autumn
1921Elected to the Central Committee at the 1st congress and served in the provisional government's Foreign Relations Department; acting Central Committee chairman in March
1921–1923Central Committee secretary; vice chairman January–March 1922, chairman 15 March 1922 – 12 January 1923
1921Plenipotentiary representative to the western frontier, fighting the Whites and helping found the Western Frontier Government and People's Party committee
1924–1928Central Committee presidium member and chairman (31 August 1924 – 27 October 1928)
1928–1929Trade representative at the Mongolian embassy in the USSR; studied at the Moscow Higher School of National Economy 1929–1932
The Left Opposition secretary whom Lenin called a 'brilliant worker'
According to his daughter Zorya's recollection, Lenin called him a "brilliant worker."
Born in Samara to a working-class family, he began working at nine and became a metal fitter and turner at the Hartmann locomotive works in Lugansk at fourteen. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1905, worked on the Lugansk committee, and as a delegate to the 1912 Prague Conference met Lenin before being arrested and exiled to Narym. During the February Revolution of 1917 he led his regiment out in Kostroma, then served as secretary of the Moscow Party Committee, a Central Committee member (1919–1921) and CC secretary (1920–1921). One of the leaders of the Left Opposition who signed the Declaration of the 46, he was expelled in 1927 and exiled to Semipalatinsk, reinstated in 1930, and shot in 1937 as a main defendant in the Second Moscow Show Trial.
Career timeline
1905Joined Bolsheviks at 15, agitation work in Lugansk
1908–1916Repeated arrests and exiles (Vologda, Narym), escapes and rearrests
1912Delegate to the Prague Party Conference
1917Led February mutiny in Kostroma, Secretary of Moscow Party Committee
1919–1921CC Secretary, Orgburo member, Southern Front Revvoensovet member
1922–1924Head of Political Administration RVSR, Deputy People's Commissar for Transport
1923–1927Signed Declaration of 46, Left Opposition leadership — expelled
1928–1937Exiled to Semipalatinsk, reinstated, head of Central Highway Administration, tried and executed in Second Moscow Show Trial
In April 1975 the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh and emptied a city of some two million overnight, driving the people out to the countryside.
Leader of the Communist Party of Kampuchea and Democratic Kampuchea. His 1975–1979 regime imposed forced evacuation, labor, collectivized farming and political purges. War with Vietnam ended its control of Phnom Penh, but the Khmer Rouge continued as an armed movement.
Career timeline
1953Returned from France and joined the Khmer Việt Minh
1963–1981General Secretary, Communist Party of Kampuchea
1976–1979Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea
1979Overthrown by the Vietnamese invasion, retreated to the jungle near the Thai border
1985–1997Led the remnant Khmer Rouge as Director of the Higher Institute of National Defence
1998Placed under house arrest by Ta Mok, then died
MPLA diplomat and Angola's second foreign minister, a leading figure of the party's left wing
Angolan chemical engineer, diplomat and politician. While studying in Lisbon he signed the 'Manifesto de 1956', the MPLA's founding document, was monitored by PIDE from 1961, and left Portugal in 1962 to handle the MPLA's diplomacy from Conakry. He served as representative in Egypt and Algeria, representative-general for Congo-Brazzaville and head of the MPLA's information department, then as foreign minister from 1976 to 1984. A leading figure of the party's left wing, he argued in a 1998 interview that top party and state posts should be filled by Marxist-Leninist vanguard criteria rather than ethno-regional demographic weight. He died in Luanda on 26 June 2010 aged 76.
Career timeline
1956–1962Studied chemical engineering at the University of Lisbon, lived at the Casa dos Estudantes do Império, signed the Manifesto de 1956; monitored by PIDE from 1961
1962–1976MPLA diplomatic work from Conakry; representative in Egypt and Algeria, representative-general for Congo-Brazzaville, head of the MPLA information department
1975Negotiated the Lusaka ceasefire and Mombasa conference with Lúcio Lara, groundwork for the Alvor Accord; sent by Neto to Havana for Cuban aid
1976–1984Foreign minister of Angola, 28 November 1976 to 21 October 1984; a leading figure of the party's left wing
1977–1995Elected Central Committee member and Secretary for Cooperation at the MPLA's 1st Congress; Bié Provincial People's Assembly deputy; People's Assembly deputy from 1986; Governor of Cuanza Norte 1986–1989 and of Benguela 1989–1994; MPLA Political Bureau secretary for international relations from 1995
1992–2010National Assembly deputy from 1992, re-elected 2008; still an MPLA Bureau member and deputy at his death
