Italian Regency of Carnaro
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A self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d’Annunzio between 1919 and 1920.
In depth
In September 1919 d’Annunzio led volunteers, many of them former Arditi, to seize Fiume, which the Paris Peace Conference had not awarded to Italy, and in September 1920 he proclaimed the Regency with the Charter of Carnaro written with the syndicalist Alceste De Ambris. Its balcony speeches, black shirts and Roman salute were later taken over by Fascism. After the Treaty of Rapallo made Fiume a free state in November 1920, the Italian army attacked the city in December and ended the Regency.