Orléanists
오를레앙파
The French political current that supported a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans, enthroned by the July Revolution of 1830, and his descendants. It was the ruling force of the July Monarchy (1830–1848), associated with the bankers, industrialists and great merchants, and under the Second Republic it formed, with the Legitimists, the majority of the Party of Order. Marx saw it as the political representative of the finance aristocracy and big industry, that is, of capital.
In depth
When the "Three Glorious Days" of July 1830 broke out against Charles X's authoritarian ordinances, the Chamber of Deputies elected Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, "King of the French". The Doctrinaires, the liberal opposition to Charles X, strongly wanted this, and the new Charter approved by the Chamber on 14 August became the de facto manifesto of the Orléanists: a constitutional monarchy with a central parliament. Within the Chamber the Orléanists divided between the centre-left of Adolphe Thiers and the centre-right of François Guizot; Louis Philippe leaned towards Guizot and became so associated with the "new men" of banking, industry and finance that he was called the "Roi bourgeois".
The February Revolution of 1848 cost the Orléanists the throne, but eighteen years of rule had left them a solid base in the magistracy, the press, the universities and the academies, above all the Académie française. Under the Second Republic they formed the majority of the Party of Order led by Thiers. The most committed Orléanists wanted Louis Philippe's third son, the Prince of Joinville, to stand in the presidential election due in 1852.
Orléanism revived after the fall of the Second Empire in 1870–1871. The election of February 1871 was won by the royalists, 214 of them Orléanists and 182 Legitimists. The two agreed on a "fusion": the childless Count of Chambord would be king and Louis Philippe's grandson, the Count of Paris, his heir. Under the leadership of the Duke of Broglie the fusionists made Patrice de MacMahon president in 1873 and prepared a restoration, but Chambord's refusal of the tricolour wrecked the plan. By the time Chambord died in 1883 enthusiasm for monarchy had faded, and the Count of Paris was never offered the throne. Many Orléanists then joined the moderate republicans, and Action Française still advocates its own variant of Orléanism today.
In The Eighteenth Brumaire Marx wrote that "under Orleans, high finance, large-scale industry, large-scale trade, that is, capital, with its retinue of lawyers, professors, and smooth-tongued orators" had ruled. Each faction tried to make itself and the other believe that loyalty to a royal house divided them, but "facts later proved that it was rather their divided interests which forbade the uniting of the two royal houses." He also remarked on the spectacle of the Orléanists, liberal bourgeois and old apostles of Voltairianism, handing over the care of the French mind to their old enemies the Jesuits under the republic.