People of the Revolution and the USSR

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1868–1944 ○ Natural causes

Co-founder of Istpart, who laid the institutional foundations of Party historiography

Once I visited him at home. He was then living in the Government Building by the Stone Bridge, now Serafimovich Street. I remember that in his study, right by his desk, millet was scattered on the floor and little chicks were pecking at it. In reply to my startled look he said: 'It's pleasant to see young life.' — From the memoirs of Boris Urlanis

Born the son of a village priest, he studied at St. Petersburg University before joining the revolutionary movement. He shared Siberian exile with Lenin in 1897 and later served as an agent for Iskra. After October he led school reform at the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment, and in 1921 he became one of the founders of Istpart, the commission that institutionalised the study of Party history. In his later years he directed the Historical Museum and the Museum of the Revolution, and he is remembered for his vivid memoir At the Turning Point, which chronicles Lenin's years in exile.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1887–1937 Died in custody

Worker-poet known as Tsishka Hartny who headed the first Soviet government of Byelorussia

Born into a peasant family in Kapyl in 1887, he worked as a tanner, joined the Hramada in 1904 and wrote for Nasha Niva. From 1913 he worked in Petrograd factories and wrote poetry under the pen name Tsishka Hartny. In 1918, as secretary of the Belarusian National Commissariat, he campaigned for a Belarusian republic against Vilgelm Knorin and Alexander Myasnikov and won the support of Lenin and Stalin. From 1 January to 3 February 1919 he headed the Provisional Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. He later ran publishing and cultural institutions and became an academician, but was expelled from the party in 1931, arrested in 1936 and died in 1937 in a psychiatric hospital in Mogilev; some accounts say he took his own life.

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1912–2007 ○ Retired 1986

The 'Great Mute' who presided as the party's gatekeeper of Soviet culture for 21 years

He stood by the record player, eyes fixed on the ceiling, listening to the final chords of a Haydn sonata. When the music stopped, he murmured 'a divine work' and invited his guests to sit.

For 21 years under Brezhnev, Vasily Shauro headed the CC CPSU Culture Department, the party apparatus that decided which literature, film, art, and music reached the Soviet public. A Belorussian teacher groomed in Agitprop, he used conservative support to drive Alexander Yakovlev out of the CC in 1973, delaying ideological reform until Gorbachev.

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1914–1995 ○ Natural causes

Brezhnev's 'number two party ideologist' after Suslov

October 1964, the Soviet embassy in Prague. Zimyanin had just returned from Moscow, picked up the phone and boasted about the coup's success. It was Nina Khrushcheva on the line. 'Dear Leonid Ilyich is now First Secretary!' Through the silence on the other end, she learned of her husband's downfall in that very moment.

A Belarusian party functionary who served eleven years as editor-in-chief of Pravda, the longest tenure in that post, setting the direction of Soviet journalism. Elevated to CC secretary in 1976, he became the number two ideologist under Suslov, overseeing science, education, culture, sports, and media. The key executor of conservative ideological control in late Brezhnevism, he embodied the continuity of the party propaganda apparatus until his removal in 1987, two years into Gorbachev's tenure.