Elected in absentia to the first Bolshevik Central Committee in 1903
Born in Courland, the son of a teacher, he graduated from the St Petersburg Technological Institute. Arrested in 1896 for work in the League of Struggle and exiled to Siberia, he signed Lenin's protest against the Economists' "Credo". He worked in the Iskra organisation and on the Organising Committee of the Second Congress, which elected him to the Central Committee in his absence in 1903. As the Central Committee's representative abroad he declared the League Abroad and its congress unlawful. He was arrested in 1904. After the October Revolution he organised vocational education in the Commissariat for Education and elsewhere, sat on the Central Control Commission in 1923 to 1930 and chaired the All-Union Standardisation Committee in 1928 to 1932.
Activities and affiliations
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1903–1904
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)
Political and party leadership -
1917–1936
Soviet Union state institutionsCollegium member, Commissariat for EducationMain
Education -
1923–1930
Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks
Political and party leadership
Career Timeline
- 1896–1901Arrest and exile in Eastern Siberia
- 1903.08–1904.07.02Central Committee and Party Council member
- 1923–1930Member of the Central Control Commission
- 1928–1932Chairman of the All-Union Standardisation Committee