The age of the Internationals and empires 51

Diplomacy and international organization Affiliation unconfirmed 1871–1968 ○ Natural causes

Secretary of the Second International from 1905 to 1922 who kept its Bureau alive in the war and later became Belgian prime minister

In 1917, the Socialist International’s Bureau, led by Huysmans, sought to mediate among socialists in the belligerent countries through a Stockholm peace conference; Allied governments’ refusal to issue passports prevented it from taking place.

A Flemish teacher and journalist, he was secretary of the International Socialist Bureau from 1905 to 1922. When war came he moved the Bureau to the neutral Netherlands, tried to bring the belligerent parties back together and prepared the Stockholm conference of 1917. Between the wars he was a Belgian deputy and education minister; in the Second World War he fled to London and again served as the International’s secretary. He was prime minister of Belgium in 1946–1947.

Political and party leadership Mensheviks (RSDLP) 1873–1923 → Died

Lenin’s oldest friend and most principled adversary

In 1918 Martov published an exposé revealing that Stalin had been expelled from the party in 1907. Stalin sued him for libel, and the revolutionary tribunal sentenced Martov to 'public censure.'

He built Iskra alongside Lenin, then split with him in 1903 over a single clause on party membership and led the Mensheviks. After October he stayed, fighting to keep a legal opposition alive, and in 1920 was permitted to leave. He died of tuberculosis in Berlin. It is told that the dying Lenin asked after him.

Social movements and organizing Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 1890–1964 ○ Natural causes

"East Side Joan of Arc": from the IWW's Rebel Girl to first woman chair of the CPUSA

"We are Communist leaders, proudly and avowedly. We will prove to you that we are not a criminal conspiracy but a 33-year-old working-class political party, devoted to the immediate needs and aspirations of the American people." — Summation to the jury, Smith Act trial, April 24, 1952

American labor organizer and communist. Known as the IWW's "Rebel Girl" from age 15, she led the Lawrence strike and co-founded the ACLU. Elected CPUSA's first woman chair in 1961; died in Moscow and was given a Red Square state funeral.