First ethnic Chinese barrister, who reformed Qing law and represented the revolutionaries in the 1911 peace talks
Born in Malacca and schooled in Hong Kong, he became the first ethnic Chinese barrister at Lincoln’s Inn in 1876 and in 1880 the first Chinese unofficial member of Hong Kong’s Legislative Council. As Qing minister to the United States, Spain and Peru and then, in 1903–1906, as reviser of the Qing code with Shen Jiaben, he helped abolish death by a thousand cuts and torture in interrogation. Supporting the 1911 Revolution, he was chief delegate of the revolutionaries at the Shanghai peace talks and, as justice minister of the Nanjing Provisional Government in 1912, argued for an independent judiciary. He was acting premier in 1917, then joined Sun Yat-sen’s Constitutional Protection Movement as a director and foreign minister of the Guangzhou government, acting for Sun in his absence. He died of pneumonia in Guangzhou in June 1922, shortly after Chen Jiongming’s revolt.
Also known as: Wu Ting-fang · Ng Choy · Ng Achoy
Activities and affiliations
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1903–1906
Qing dynasty state institutionsCommissioner for the revision of Qing law
Law and justice -
1912
Republic of China state institutionsMinister of Justice of the Nanjing Provisional Government
Law and justice -
1916–1917
Beiyang government and warlordsMinister of Foreign Affairs
Diplomacy and international organization -
1917
Beiyang government and warlordsActing PremierHeads of state, government and party of China
Political and party leadership -
1918–1922
Republic of China state institutionsDirector and Foreign Minister of the Guangzhou governmentMain
Diplomacy and international organization
Career Timeline
- 1876Called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn
- 1880Unofficial member of the Hong Kong Legislative Council
- 1896–1902Minister to the United States, Spain and Peru
- 1903–1906In charge of revising the Qing code
- 1907–1909Minister to the United States, Spain and Peru
- 1911.12Chief revolutionary delegate at the Shanghai peace talks
- 1912.01Minister of Justice of the Nanjing Provisional Government
- 1917.05.23–06.12Acting Premier
- 1918.05Director and Foreign Minister of the Guangzhou military government
- 1921.05Foreign Minister of the Extraordinary Presidency