People of the Revolution and the USSR

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1920–2021 ↓ Removed 1990

The conservative Second Secretary inside perestroika

At the Plenum of February 6, 1990, Ligachev, pressed to resign, declared: 'Damn it, I want to work!' But he was not removed from the Politburo days later: he lost the CC secretary post and the Politburo seat at the July 1990 congress, taking 776 votes against 3,642 for deputy general secretary.

He was first secretary of Tomsk province from 1965 to 1983, seventeen years in which oil and gas extraction grew and the towns of Strezhevoy and Kedrovy were built. In 1979, when the Ob exposed a mass grave of Great Terror victims at Kolpashevo Yar, the region moved to destroy the remains and the traces of the burial; he denied any involvement. Brought to Moscow on Andropov's initiative in April 1983 as head of the CC organizational-party work department, he became a secretary that December and a full Politburo member in April 1985. As de facto second man in 1985-1988 he backed early reform and drove the anti-alcohol campaign, which he later admitted was a mistaken strategy. In July 1990 he lost the CC secretary post and his Politburo seat.

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1923–2008 ↓ Forced retirement 1985

From Leningrad to Moscow: the successor halted one step short

«Nobody seriously considered Gorbachev. But by the time we arrived in Moscow the very next day, he had already done it, without waiting for us as Politburo rules demanded. That fast! He'd already cut the deal in secret with all of them.» — recalling the succession after Chernenko's death in March 1985.

A Leningrad shipbuilding engineer by training, he served 13 years as First Secretary of the Leningrad Oblast (1970–1983), reshaping the city with mass housing, metro expansion, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, and the flood barrier project. He rose to CC Secretary for the military-industrial complex and full Politburo member. Both Brezhnev and Andropov saw him as the next General Secretary. His loss to Gorbachev in the 1985 succession after Chernenko's death was a defining fork in late Soviet history.

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1923–2009 ○ Died of illness, Moscow

General who received the Victory Banner and stood alone in the coup dock

In June 1945 Captain Varennikov, as chief of the honour guard, received the Victory Banner when it arrived at Moscow's central airfield; hours later that banner led the Victory Parade across Red Square.

Soviet and Russian general of the army, veteran of the Great Patriotic War and the Afghan War. He received the Victory Banner at the head of the honour guard in 1945 and, from 1984 to 1989, headed the Defence Ministry control group in Afghanistan, where the Hero of the Soviet Union title came for commanding Operation Magistral in 1988, not for the withdrawal. Not a member of the State Committee on the State of Emergency, he supported the August 1991 coup as its military representative; in 1994 he alone refused amnesty, and the Supreme Court acquitted him for acting on a superior's order. Prominent in the KAL 007 shoot-down order and the January 1991 events in Vilnius. State Duma deputy from 1995, later an inspector general of the defence ministry. Died in Moscow in 2009.

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1930–2019 ↓ Natural causes

Gorbachev's classmate turned critic: the last speaker of the Soviet parliament

“Gorbachev and Yeltsin were afraid that if I conducted the V Congress of People's Deputies, the deputies might nullify all the results of the August victory of democracy.” — Lukyanov on why he was arrested.

Anatoly Lukyanov was a Soviet jurist and statesman who helped design the USSR's constitutional architecture and defended it to the end. A law-school contemporary of Mikhail Gorbachev, he co-drafted the 1977 Soviet Constitution, headed the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee, and became the last Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1990–1991). An early Gorbachev ally, he grew alarmed at the union's unraveling and broke publicly with him at the June 1991 plenum. Arrested as a GKChP sympathizer, he spent fifteen months in prison before co-founding the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 1993 and serving three terms in the Duma. A Doctor of Juridical Sciences who published poetry as Anatoly Osenev, he embodied the Soviet establishment intellectual who refused to accept the liquidation of the system he served.

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1930–2020 ○ Natural causes

Principal architect of the Brezhnev-era 'developed socialism' doctrine

In January 1986, he sent Gorbachev a letter warning that the perestroika he had launched 'faces inevitable failure.' Days later he was dismissed as editor of Kommunist.

A Soviet social philosopher and theorist who served as editor-in-chief of Kommunist, the CPSU's chief theoretical journal, from 1976 to 1986. He was the principal systematizer of 'developed socialism,' the official ideology of the Brezhnev era, arguing that the USSR had reached a mature stage of socialism requiring prolonged consolidation rather than a rapid leap to communism. His orthodox Marxism set him against reformist thinkers such as Anatoliy Butenko and Alexander Tsipko, and he became an early target when Gorbachev launched perestroika. In January 1986 he sent Gorbachev a letter predicting the reforms would fail, and was immediately dismissed from Kommunist; he spent his later decades at Moscow State University and led the revival of Stalin's collected works.

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1935–2000 ○ Heart attack

Second human to orbit Earth and builder of Soviet military space systems

"Once you have your arms and legs arranged properly, space sleep is fine... I slept like a baby." — the first human to sleep in orbit, Vostok 2, August 1961.

Soviet cosmonaut and military space commander. On 6 August 1961, aboard Vostok 2, he became the second human to orbit Earth; his 17-orbit, 25-hour flight, the first long-duration mission, proved humans could eat, sleep, and work in space. At 25, he remains the youngest orbital pilot in history. He was the first to manually pilot a spacecraft, the first to film Earth from orbit, and the first to experience space sickness. After his flight he led cosmonaut training for the Spiral orbital spaceplane, and from 1979 to 1991 served as First Deputy Chief of GUKOS/UNKS, the USSR Ministry of Defence space directorate, overseeing military space systems including the Marshal Nedelin-class tracking ships. Elected to the Russian State Duma as a CPRF member (1993–2000).

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1936–2010 ○ Cancer

Gromyko protégé and arms negotiator remembered for the "Walk in the Woods"

On July 16, 1982, Kvitsinsky and Paul Nitze left the formal Geneva arms talks for an unofficial walk in the woods, sketching a compromise on intermediate-range nuclear forces. Both governments rejected it — but the conversation became Lee Blessing's Broadway play "A Walk in the Woods."

A leading Soviet Germanist and protégé of Andrei Gromyko, Yuli Kvitsinsky served on the front lines of Soviet diplomacy toward the West for over three decades. As head of the Soviet delegation to the Geneva INF negotiations from 1981, his famous "walk in the woods" with American negotiator Paul Nitze in July 1982, an informal attempt to sketch a compromise on intermediate-range nuclear missiles, became an iconic Cold War moment that later inspired a Broadway play. As Ambassador to West Germany (1986–1990), he helped prepare the "Two Plus Four" treaty framework for German reunification, and as First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1991 he oversaw European security affairs. After a post-Soviet hiatus, he returned as Russia's ambassador to Norway (1997–2003) and served as a CPRF deputy in the State Duma until his death.

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1937–2009 ○ Natural causes

The last Politburo member who tried to save the USSR and went to prison for it

Attributed to Shenin after the coup's defeat and reported according to media data, the GKChP members made the main mistake: having said 'A,' they did not say 'B' and all the rest of the alphabet.

Born in 1937 in Stalingrad Oblast, he was convicted in 1958 of violating safety rules after two workers died at his construction site, receiving a one-and-a-half-year sentence and being released early after nine and a half months. He joined the CPSU in 1962 and served as First Secretary of the Achinsk city committee (1974-1977), party adviser in Afghanistan (1977-1983), first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk kraikom (1987-1990). As CC secretary and Politburo member from 1990 he oversaw organizational-party work and was called the third man in the CPSU after Gorbachev and Ivashko, supported the GKChP and on 18 August 1991 flew to Gorbachev at Foros, and was arrested on 23 August 1991. Released on health grounds in October 1992 and amnestied in February 1994, he died aged 71 on 28 May 2009.

Soviet Communist Party and Bolsheviks Soviet communism 1937–

The last-generation secretary who rebuilt the Russian Communist Party

On 25 October 1991 Kuptsov met Yeltsin at the Kremlin and urged him to rescind the ban on the Russian Communist Party. Yeltsin refused; Kuptsov then spent a year and a half as the underground First Secretary, steering the party to its reconstituting congress.

A metallurgical engineer who rose from a Vologda collective farm and steel mill through the party ranks, he served as First Secretary of the Vologda Regional Committee (1985–1990). In 1990 he was brought to Moscow as a CPSU Central Committee Secretary, heading the department for socio-political organizations and helping found the Communist Party of the RSFSR. Elected its First Secretary in August 1991 to replace the hardline Ivan Polozkov, he refused to endorse the GKChP coup but was nonetheless investigated for 'complicity.' After Yeltsin banned the party, Kuptsov kept its organizational skeleton alive underground and steered the February 1993 reconstituting congress that became the CPRF, then served eleven years as Zyuganov's first deputy chairman while the new Russian Communist Party consolidated.

Soviet Union Soviet communism 1945–

A party cadre who moved from army organization to the late Soviet Politburo

In April 1991, while responsible secretary of the All-Army Party Committee, he joined the late Soviet Politburo.

Mikhail Semyonovich Surkov was a Soviet party organizer and politician whose career developed within the armed forces' political apparatus. After working in party-control posts in the army, he entered the Politburo shortly before the Soviet Union's dissolution, embodying the late system's reliance on institutional cadres amid crisis. He later carried that experience into the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, and the Accounts Chamber.