Musavat leader who headed the Azerbaijani National Council that declared the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918
Born near Baku in 1884, he founded Hummet, a Muslim social-democratic organization, in 1904. He took part in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1909, and after returning to Baku in 1913 he became the chief of Musavat. As head of the Azerbaijani National Council he declared the independence of the Azerbaijan Republic on 28 May 1918. After the republic fell in 1920 he directed resistance until his arrest, but because he had once hidden Joseph Stalin from the police he was released and taken to Moscow. He escaped to Finland in 1922, lived in exile in Turkey, Poland and Romania, and died in Ankara in 1955.
Career timeline
1904Founded Hummet
1909–1911Iranian Constitutional Revolution; co-founded the Democrat Party of Persia
1913Joined Musavat and became its chief
1918Head of the Azerbaijani National Council; declaration of independence
1920Arrested, released and sent to the Commissariat on Nations in Moscow
The pan-Turkist dissident who became Azerbaijan's first democratically elected president
On a November 1992 visit to Ankara he visited Atatürk's grave at Anıtkabir and wrote in the memorial book that he was a soldier of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Azerbaijani politician, born 24 June 1938 in Kalaki, Nakhchivan, died 22 August 2000 in Ankara. Trained in Arabic philology at Baku State University, he took a Candidate degree in history in 1969, was known from the 1970s as a Turkist and anti-communist, and was arrested in January 1975 by the State Security Committee, serving until July 1976 at the Qaradagh stone quarry. A founder and chairman of the Popular Front from 1989, he organized a National Defence Council in January 1990 in the crisis that culminated in the anti-Armenian Baku pogrom and Black January. Elected president in June 1992, he was ousted in June 1993 amid Karabakh defeats and Huseynov's revolt; Heydar Aliyev succeeded him. He returned to Baku in 1997 and led the opposition until his death.
Career timeline
1957–1962Entered the Arabic philology department, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Baku State University in 1957; graduation dated 1962 in the Azerbaijani account, conflicting with a 1957 graduation given in an English account
1963–1964Worked as a translator in Egypt
1968–1975Lecturer in the History of Asian and African Countries, Baku State University → arrested January 1975 by the State Security Committee, held until July 1976 at the Qaradagh stone quarry
1976–1992Researcher, then senior researcher and department head, Institute of Manuscripts, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, until 16 July 1992
1989–1992Chairman, Azerbaijani Popular Front
1990.01Organized and chaired the National Defence Council in Baku on 12 January 1990
1992–1993President, Republic of Azerbaijan. Elected 7 June 1992, took office 17 June; formally stripped of the office by referendum on 29 August 1993
1997–2000Leader, Azerbaijani Popular Front Party (in opposition). Returned to Baku on 30 October 1997 and led it until his death
