People of the Revolution and the USSR
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Jean-Paul Marat Jean-Paul Marat
Radical journalist and publisher of L’Ami du peuple
Political and party leadership · The Mountain (Montagnards)
1743–1793
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Emmanuel Sieyès Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Clergyman and political theorist of Third Estate sovereignty
Political and party leadership · French revolutionary movement
1748–1836
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Charles-Philippe Ronsin Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Hébertist general who commanded the Parisian Revolutionary Army
Military command · French First Republic state institutions
1751–1794
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Jacques Roux Jacques Roux
Enragé priest who demanded controls on subsistence prices
Political and party leadership · Enragés
1752–1794
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Pierre Vergniaud Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Leading Girondin orator in the National Convention
Political and party leadership · Girondins
1753–1793
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Jacques Pierre Brissot Jacques Pierre Brissot
Girondin journalist and deputy who championed revolutionary war
Political and party leadership · Girondins
1754–1793
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Isaac Le Chapelier Isaac Le Chapelier
Author of the Le Chapelier Law banning guilds and workers’ combinations
Legislature and state representation · French monarchy
1754–1794
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Jacques René Hébert Jacques René Hébert
Revolutionary journalist whose Le Père Duchesne spoke to a sans-culotte readership
Political and party leadership · Cordeliers Club
1757–1794
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Maximilien Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre
Jacobin politician who argued for subsistence rights and revolutionary government
Political and party leadership · Jacobin Club
1758–1794
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Georges Danton Georges Jacques Danton
Revolutionary leader associated with the Cordeliers and Indulgents
Political and party leadership · The Mountain (Montagnards)
1759–1794
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Adrien Duport Adrien Duport
Feuillant politician and advocate of judicial reform
Political and party leadership · Feuillants
1759–1798
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Camille Desmoulins Camille Desmoulins
Revolutionary journalist associated with both the Bastille rising and Indulgents
Political and party leadership · The Mountain (Montagnards)
1760–1794
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François Buzot François Buzot
Girondin deputy who argued after Varennes that the king could be tried
Political and party leadership · Girondins
1760–1794
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Alexandre de Lameth Alexandre de Lameth
Politician who moved from the revolutionary triumvirate to the Feuillants
Political and party leadership · Feuillants
1760–1829
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Antoine Barnave Antoine Barnave
Leading Feuillant orator who sought to preserve constitutional monarchy
Political and party leadership · Feuillants
1761–1793
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Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Paris Commune prosecutor prominent in dechristianisation
Political and party leadership · Jacobin Club
1763–1794
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Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Committee of Public Safety member and theorist of revolutionary government
Political and party leadership · The Mountain (Montagnards)
1767–1794
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Wilhelm Liebknecht Wilhelm Liebknecht
Co-founder of the Eisenach party and drafter of the Gotha Programme
Political and party leadership · Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1826–1900
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August Bebel August Bebel
Co-founder of the SPD who led the German workers' movement for over 40 years, the 'shadow emperor' of the working class
Political and party leadership · Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1840–1913
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Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau
Radical French prime minister at the end of the First World War who pressed harsh terms on Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference
Political and party leadership · France state institutions
1841–1929
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Paul Lafargue Paul Lafargue
Marx's son-in-law, author of The Right to Be Lazy, first socialist deputy in the French parliament
Political and party leadership · French Workers' Party (POF)
1842–1911
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Jules Guesde Jules Guesde
Veteran founder of French Marxist socialism who entered the Union sacrée government in 1914
Political and party leadership · France state institutions
1845–1922
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Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev Сергей Андреевич Муромцев
The Roman law scholar and Kadet leader who chaired Russia's first constitutional parliament
Political and party leadership · Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)
1850–1910
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Mark Andreyevich Natanson Марк Андреевич Натансон
The great unifier of the Russian revolutionary movement, from the Chaikovtsy to the Left SRs
Political and party leadership · Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR/SR)
1850–1919
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Pavel Borisovich Axelrod Павел Борисович Аксельрод
Theorist of the mass workers' party: the argument that lost to Lenin's vanguard
Political and party leadership · Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)
1850–1928
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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
The philosopher-president who organized the Czechoslovak Legion from exile and signed the Penza Agreement with the Bolsheviks
Political and party leadership
1850–1937
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Andrei Ivanovich Zhelyabov Андрей Иванович Желябов
The Narodnaya Volya leader who organized the assassination of Alexander II and declared his party's creed to the court that condemned him
Political and party leadership · Narodnaya Volya
1851–1881
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Victor Adler Victor Adler
Founder and leader of Austrian Social Democracy who could not stop the war in 1914 and backed it
Political and party leadership
1852–1918
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Fyodor Izmailovich Rodichev Фёдор Измайлович Родичев
Kadet orator who branded the gallows 'Stolypin's necktie'
Political and party leadership · Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)
1854–1933
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Keir Hardie Keir Hardie
Former miner who founded the British Labour Party and opposed the First World War to the end, urging an anti-war general strike
Political and party leadership · Labour Party (United Kingdom)
1856–1915
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Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov Георгий Валентинович Плеханов
The father of Russian Marxism: against his own pupils’ revolution
Scholarship and theory · Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)
1856–1918
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Dimitar Nikolov Blagoev Димитр Николов Благоев
Founder of Bulgarian socialism who organized Russia's first Marxist circle
Political and party leadership · Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP)
1856–1924
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Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson
US president whose Fourteen Points and League of Nations failed to win the Senate’s ratification
Political and party leadership · United States state institutions
1856–1924
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Saad Zaghloul سعد زغلول
Founding leader of the Wafd whose deportation to Malta in 1919 set off the Egyptian Revolution
Political and party leadership · Independent activity
1857–1927
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Clara Zetkin Clara Zetkin
Creator of International Women's Day, she set women's liberation at the heart of class struggle
Political and party leadership · Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
1857–1933
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Jean Jaurès Jean Jaurès
French socialist leader who united the left, founded L'Humanité, and was assassinated fighting to prevent the Great War
Political and party leadership · French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO)
1859–1914
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Yuan Shikai 袁世凯
The Beiyang strongman who took over the 1911 revolution and tried to make himself emperor
Military command · Beiyang government and warlords
1859–1916
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Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko Михаил Владимирович Родзянко
The parliamentarian the Tsar called 'fat-bellied': last chairman of the Imperial Duma
Political and party leadership · Union of 17 October (Octobrists)
1859–1924
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George Curzon George Nathaniel Curzon
Conservative viceroy of India and foreign secretary who gave his name to the Curzon Line and led the Allies at Lausanne
Diplomacy and international organization · United Kingdom state institutions
1859–1925
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Sen Katayama 片山潜
Japanese communist founder who shook Plekhanov's hand and shaped Comintern East Asia strategy
Political and party leadership · Comintern
1859–1933
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Pavel Milyukov Павел Милюков
Leader of the Kadets: 'Stupidity or Treason?'
Political and party leadership · Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)
1859–1943
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Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Italian prime minister who led the country to victory after Caporetto but failed to win its territorial claims at the peace conference
Political and party leadership · Italy state institutions
1860–1952
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István Tisza Tisza István
Defender of the Dual Monarchy who was Hungary’s wartime prime minister and was killed by soldiers on the day of the Aster Revolution
Political and party leadership · Hungary
1861–1918
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Carl Legien Carl Legien
German trade-union leader who signed the 1918 agreement with Stinnes and met the Kapp Putsch of 1920 with a general strike
Social movements and organizing · Independent activity
1861–1920
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Marcel Sembat Marcel Sembat
French Socialist deputy who joined the Union sacrée government as Minister of Public Works in 1914
Political and party leadership · French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO)
1862–1922
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Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov Александр Иванович Гучков
Octobrist leader who received the Tsar's abdication: Boer War volunteer turned Provisional Government minister
Political and party leadership · Union of 17 October (Octobrists)
1862–1936
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Hugo Haase Hugo Haase
Lawyer who founded the USPD against the war and co-chaired the Council of People’s Deputies with Ebert in 1918
Political and party leadership · Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1863–1919
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Arthur Henderson Arthur Henderson
British Labour organizer and politician who led the international disarmament effort.
Political and party leadership · Labour Party (United Kingdom)
1863–1935
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David Lloyd George David Lloyd George
Liberal prime minister who led Britain in the later war and argued for moderation towards Germany at the peace conference
Political and party leadership · United Kingdom state institutions
1863–1945
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Nikolay Semyonovich Chkheidze Николай Семёнович Чхеидзе
Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet in the dual-power era, face of revolutionary defencism
Political and party leadership · Mensheviks (RSDLP)
1864–1926