People of the Revolution and the USSR

Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) Nationalism 1866–1937 ✕ Executed by shooting

Kazakh politician who founded the Alash party and led the Alash Orda government in 1917–1920

Born in Semipalatinsk Oblast in 1866 (some sources say 1870), he graduated from the Omsk Technical School and the Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute and wrote the first biography of Abay Kunanbayev. He joined the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) in 1905, entered the State Duma in 1906 and, after signing the Vyborg Manifesto, was imprisoned and then lived in exile in Samara until 1917. Appointed the Provisional Government’s commissioner for Turgay Oblast in 1917, he broke with the Kadets over Kazakh autonomy, founded the Alash party and that year was elected head of the Alash Orda government. He sided with the White governments of Siberia until late 1919, then came to terms with Soviet power, worked in publishing in Moscow and was shot in 1937. He was rehabilitated in 1989.

Nationalism 1890–1941 ○ Suspicious death

Kazakh nationalist who led the Kokand Autonomy and dreamed of an independent Turkestan

"I cannot accept the offer to lead the Turkestan Legion and refuse further cooperation. All the consequences of my decision, I realize." — Letter to Ribbentrop, 1941

Mustafa Shokay was a Kazakh nationalist political leader who headed the Kokand (Turkestan) Autonomy, the first modern autonomous government in Central Asia after the collapse of the Russian Empire. A graduate of Petrograd University's law faculty, he served as secretary of the Muslim faction in the State Duma and opposed the Tsarist colonial administration's policies in Central Asia. When the Bolsheviks crushed Kokand by force in 1918, he fled to France and spent two decades in exile, propagating the idea of Turkestan independence internationally through journals such as Yash Turkestan. In 1941, the Nazis offered him leadership of the Turkestan Legion, but after witnessing the conditions of Soviet POWs, he refused, and died in Berlin shortly afterward under suspicious circumstances.