People of the Revolution and the USSR

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1918–1998 ○ Natural causes

The last Soviet ambassador to watch the GDR dissolve

On the night of 9 November 1989, as the Berlin Wall came down, Kochemasov tried unsuccessfully to telephone Gorbachev, then Shevardnadze, for instructions. He did nothing.

Soviet politician and diplomat who served as Deputy Chairman of the RSFSR Council of Ministers for 21 years (1962–1983), overseeing cultural and social policy in the Russian republic, while also chairing the All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (1966–1983). Appointed Soviet ambassador to East Germany in 1983, he held this critical Cold War post through the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, when he was unable to reach Mikhail Gorbachev or Eduard Shevardnadze for instructions. In April 1990 he delivered to East German Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière the Soviet 'Non-paper' setting out eleven conditions for German reunification, representing Moscow's interests as the GDR dissolved.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1921–2017 ○ Natural causes

Gorbachev's pen and conscience: architect of New Thinking diplomacy

Diary, 10 November 1989, on the fall of the Berlin Wall: 'The Berlin Wall has collapsed. This entire era in the history of the socialist system is over. That is what Gorbachev has done.' Source: Gorbachev Foundation archive, translated for the National Security Archive.

Born 25 May 1921 in Moscow (Maryina Roshcha), died there on 12 March 2017. He volunteered for the Red Army in July 1941, fought on the Northwestern Front in the liberation of the Baltics, and left military service in 1945. He studied at Moscow State University's history faculty and in 1958–1961 worked on the editorial board of Problems of Peace and Socialism in Prague. He joined the Central Committee's International Department in 1961, served as Gorbachev's foreign policy aide from March 1986 to 1991, and was a People's Deputy of the USSR in 1989–1991. From 1992 he led perestroika documentary projects at the Gorbachev Foundation. Sources differ on his degree year and on the dating of his International Department deputy headship.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1926–2018 ○ Natural causes

The Soviet Union's foremost Germany expert who opposed Gorbachev's concessions during reunification negotiations

“In the early 1980s, West Germany offered an interest-free credit of 100 billion marks just for the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the GDR leaving the Warsaw Pact. Gorbachev accepted 14 billion at Arkhyz.” — on the price of German reunification

The Soviet Union's foremost expert on Germany, Falin began his diplomatic career as a speechwriter for Khrushchev and Gromyko before serving as ambassador to West Germany (1971–1978). As head of the CPSU International Department (1988–1991) and CC Secretary (1990–1991), he ran a parallel foreign-policy apparatus alongside the Foreign Ministry. He was the most prominent voice in the Soviet leadership opposing Gorbachev's rapid concessions during German reunification talks, and in 1989 co-formulated the Falin-Kvitsinsky doctrine, which sought to replace declining Soviet military influence in Eastern Europe with energy dependency. He later argued Moscow could have demanded up to 100 billion marks in return for accepting a unified Germany in NATO.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1928–1997 ○ Natural causes

The face of Soviet arms control diplomacy across SALT, INF, and START

"Based on the principle of equality and equal security which precludes superiority by any one party" — arrival statement, Geneva arms talks, March 1985

The Soviet Foreign Ministry's leading arms control diplomat, Karpov guided the Soviet side through the decisive phases of US-Soviet strategic arms negotiations from SALT I and SALT II through INF to START I. After postings as counsellor in Washington and adviser in the MFA's foreign policy planning directorate, he became head of the Arms Limitation and Disarmament Directorate in 1985 and served as chief of the Soviet delegation at the Geneva talks. He steered the INF Treaty (1987) and START I (1991) to completion, and as Deputy Foreign Minister from 1990 oversaw strategic arms relations with Washington until the USSR's final days.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1928–2014 ○ Natural causes, died

The Soviet foreign minister who ended the Cold War, then led Georgia

On 20 December 1990 Shevardnadze warned the Congress of People's Deputies that dictatorship was coming, announcing his resignation as foreign minister and his break with the party; some accounts date the speech to 21 December, so the date is disputed.

Born in 1928 at Mamati in Georgia, in a teacher's family. Interior minister of Georgia from 1965, he became the republic's party first secretary in 1972, waging large-scale anti-corruption campaigns and the Abasha experiment. In 1985, despite having no diplomatic experience, he was made Soviet foreign minister and negotiated arms cuts, the Afghan withdrawal and German unification. On 20 December 1990 he resigned, warning that dictatorship was coming. He returned home in 1992 and led Georgia as State Council chairman and president until the 2003 Rose Revolution. He died in Tbilisi on 7 July 2014.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1929–2007 ○ Natural causes

The arms-control negotiator who secured the INF Treaty and managed the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

"Over two and a half years we brought the positions so close that we managed to sign a treaty on the complete elimination of the most modern weapons of that time. Thank God I had the chance to participate in that process — I'm very pleased about it." — on the 1987 INF Treaty

A Soviet and Russian diplomat who served as First Deputy Foreign Minister (1986–1990) under Eduard Shevardnadze, anchoring late Cold War Soviet diplomacy. As Ambassador to Afghanistan (1988–1989) during the troop withdrawal, he secured guarantees from mujahideen leaders that they would not fire on departing forces. As chief arms-control negotiator he helped deliver the 1987 INF Treaty eliminating intermediate-range nuclear missiles. His career spanned Chargé d'Affaires in Washington under Anatoly Dobrynin, ambassadorships to India and France, the last Soviet Permanent Representative to the UN, and Russia's first post-Soviet Ambassador to the United States (1994–1998). After retiring from diplomacy he served as UN Under-Secretary-General, coordinating the repatriation of Kuwaiti missing persons and property until his death.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1930–2013 ○ Natural causes

Soviet ambassador who personified perestroika diplomacy in Washington during the Gorbachev era

Presenting his credentials at the White House in May 1986 after a whirlwind transfer from the UN, Dubinin declared that the two superpowers had 'reached a point where we can no longer view each other as enemies.'

A key practitioner of Gorbachev-era diplomacy, Dubinin served as Soviet ambassador to the United States during the INF Treaty negotiations and the Malta Summit that marked the Cold War's end. Born in Nalchik, he graduated from MGIMO and built his early career at UNESCO and the Soviet Embassy in Paris, becoming a seasoned European specialist. After a brief stint as Permanent Representative to the UN in early 1986, he took up the Washington post and worked to keep the Reagan–Gorbachev back-channel functioning through the decisive years of disarmament diplomacy. He moved to the Paris embassy in 1990 and remained there through the dissolution of the USSR, later serving as Russia's deputy foreign minister and then ambassador to Ukraine, where he was the principal architect of the 1997 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1931–

The post-coup foreign minister of the collapsing Union

On August 21, 1991, with the coup still unfolding, Pankin appeared on Czechoslovak television — the only Soviet ambassador to publicly condemn the putsch as 'a fatal mistake on Yanayev's part,' demanding he 'correct it as soon as possible.'

A journalist who transformed Komsomolskaya Pravda into the Soviet Union's boldest youth paper and a literary critic who won the USSR State Prize. As a diplomat, he was the only Soviet ambassador to openly condemn the August 1991 coup. Appointed the last Soviet foreign minister, he established diplomatic relations with Israel and launched US-Soviet disarmament talks in his brief tenure before the Union dissolved.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1933–

The last regular Soviet foreign minister

In 1988, after testifying on the INF treaty before the Soviet parliament, Bessmertnykh lingered in a Kremlin corridor to chat with an American journalist in easy English about the treaty's political significance — informality unusual for a top Soviet official.

A career diplomat and the first MGIMO graduate to head the Soviet Foreign Ministry, Bessmertnykh succeeded Shevardnadze in January 1991. A seasoned Americanist shaped by thirteen years at the Soviet embassy in Washington, he oversaw the signing of the START I treaty, laid groundwork for the Madrid Middle East peace conference, and became the first Soviet foreign minister to visit Israel. He advanced a 'belt of friendship and cooperation' concept to reorient Soviet diplomacy toward all perimeter states. Refusing to join the GKChP during the August 1991 coup but declining to publicly condemn it, he was dismissed within days. He later founded Russia's Foreign Policy Association and continued as an analyst.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1936–2010 ○ Cancer

Gromyko protégé and arms negotiator remembered for the "Walk in the Woods"

On July 16, 1982, Kvitsinsky and Paul Nitze left the formal Geneva arms talks for an unofficial walk in the woods, sketching a compromise on intermediate-range nuclear forces. Both governments rejected it — but the conversation became Lee Blessing's Broadway play "A Walk in the Woods."

A leading Soviet Germanist and protégé of Andrei Gromyko, Yuli Kvitsinsky served on the front lines of Soviet diplomacy toward the West for over three decades. As head of the Soviet delegation to the Geneva INF negotiations from 1981, his famous "walk in the woods" with American negotiator Paul Nitze in July 1982, an informal attempt to sketch a compromise on intermediate-range nuclear missiles, became an iconic Cold War moment that later inspired a Broadway play. As Ambassador to West Germany (1986–1990), he helped prepare the "Two Plus Four" treaty framework for German reunification, and as First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1991 he oversaw European security affairs. After a post-Soviet hiatus, he returned as Russia's ambassador to Norway (1997–2003) and served as a CPRF deputy in the State Duma until his death.

Soviet Union state institutions Soviet communism 1949–

The interpreter who mediated summit diplomacy

He recalled interpreting as searching for the threads connecting two languages.

Pavel Palazhchenko is an interpreter and writer whose work documents the decisive conversational spaces of late Soviet diplomacy. As the English interpreter for Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard Shevardnadze, he took part in the US-Soviet summits at Geneva, Reykjavik, Malta and elsewhere. His memoir records not only leaders’ words but also the working processes of arms-control negotiations and the growth of trust, offering a Soviet-side account of the peaceful end of the Cold War. He later continued as an international-relations analyst and press official at the Gorbachev Foundation.