People

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Position
Any Left critics of Bolshevism 1
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Any United States 50 Poland 43 Germany 37 Hungary 34 Czechia 21 Vietnam 15 Angola 10 Cambodia 9 France 9 Romania 9 Czechoslovakia 8 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 8 Yemen 8 Congo - Brazzaville 7 United Kingdom 7 Korea 6 Slovakia 6 Afghanistan 5 Albania 5 Cuba 5 Ethiopia 5 Laos 5 Madagascar 5 Benin 4 Bulgaria 4 Serbia 4 Croatia 3 Finland 3 Italy 3 Mozambique 3 Somalia 3 Chile 2 China 2 East Germany 2 Indonesia 2 Lithuania 2 Martinique 2 Russia 2 Slovenia 2 South Africa 2 Spain 2 Trinidad and Tobago 2 Argentina 1 Austria 1 Brazil 1 Burkina Faso 1 DR Congo 1 Ghana 1 Grenada 1 Guinea-Bissau 1 Guyana 1 India 1 Japan 1 Mongolia 1 Myanmar 1 South Korea 1 Tajikistan 1 Tanzania 1 Turkmenistan 1
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People of the Chinese revolution and the People’s Republic

The old regime and the Nationalists1894–1949 9 The Chinese revolutionary generation1911–1949 20 People of the Mao era1949–1976 25 The reform generation1976–현재 12

People of the wider world

The Cold War and decolonization1945–현재 2 Scholars of this history1892–현재 4
Background: China The Cold War and decolonization 1945–현재 Clear all

Grace Lee Boggs

Grace Lee Boggs
Left critics of Bolshevism United States China 1915–2015 ○ Natural causes

From first translator of Marx's 1844 Manuscripts to philosopher of Detroit's revolution

“We are the leaders we've been looking for.” — interviewed in her 90s in Detroit

Daughter of Chinese immigrants, she earned a PhD at Bryn Mawr but was barred from academia by racism and joined the Workers Party. With C.L.R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya she formed the Johnson–Forest Tendency triad, co-authoring State Capitalism and World Revolution and producing the first English translation of Marx's 1844 Manuscripts. In 1953 she married Black autoworker James Boggs, settled in Detroit, broke from Trotskyism, and turned toward community-based revolutionary praxis centered on Black liberation, writing into her 90s.

Career timeline
  • 1915Born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Chinese immigrant restaurateur Chin Lee; Chinese given name Yu Ping (玉平)
  • 1935Graduates from Barnard College, Columbia University
  • 1940Earns PhD in philosophy from Bryn Mawr College with dissertation on George Herbert Mead
  • 1940–1945Works as low-wage librarian at University of Chicago Philosophy Library; joins Workers Party through tenants' rights activism
  • 1945–1947Forms Johnson–Forest Tendency with C.L.R. James and Dunayevskaya; produces first English translation of Marx's 1844 Manuscripts
  • 1947Joins SWP with the tendency; writes under party pseudonym 'Ria Stone'
  • 1950Co-authors State Capitalism and World Revolution with James and Dunayevskaya
  • 1951Leaves SWP; helps form Correspondence Publishing Committee
  • 1953Marries Black autoworker and political activist James Boggs; moves to Detroit
  • 1962Breaks with C.L.R. James; leads Correspondence with James Boggs on independent Detroit-community orientation
  • 1964Attempts to persuade Malcolm X to run for US Senate, unsuccessfully
  • 1970Co-founds Detroit Asian Political Alliance
  • 1974Publishes Revolution and Evolution in the Twentieth Century with James Boggs
  • 1979Co-founds National Organization for an American Revolution (NOAR)
  • 1992Founds Detroit Summer, a multicultural intergenerational youth program
  • 1998Publishes autobiography Living for Change
  • 2011At 95, publishes The Next American Revolution with Scott Kurashige
  • 2015Dies in Detroit at 100; President Obama issues statement mourning her passing

Kuan Yew Lee

李光耀
Singaporean Peranakan Chinese 1923–2015 ○ Natural causes

Singapore’s founding prime minister, who led the city-state through independence and its early development

Lee co-founded the People's Action Party in 1954 and served as Singapore's prime minister from 1959 to 1990. He pursued merger with Malaya, helping form Malaysia in 1963, but Singapore separated from the federation and became independent in 1965. His government drove industrialisation and expanded public housing and education, while also using defamation law and detention without trial and restricting the press, public assembly, labour activism and civil liberties. He met Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to discuss Vietnam and later helped shape ASEAN's opposition to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.

Career timeline
  • 1954Co-founded the People's Action Party
  • 1959–1990Prime Minister of Singapore
  • 1963–1965Represented Singapore as an MP in the Malaysian Parliament
  • 1990–2004Senior Minister
  • 2004–2011Minister Mentor