United States

Non-Soviet revolutionary 1855–1926 ○ Heart failure

Five-time Socialist Party presidential candidate and pioneer of industrial railroad unionism

At his 1918 sentencing he declared: "While there is a lower class, I am in it, while there is a criminal element, I am of it, and while there is a soul in prison, I am not free."

The most iconic figure of American socialism and a pioneer of industrial unionism. After leading the American Railway Union through the Pullman Strike of 1894, he embraced Marxism in prison and helped found the Socialist Party of America (1901) and the IWW (1905). He ran for president five times, winning 6.0% in 1912, and from an Atlanta prison cell in 1920 he won over 914,000 votes, the high-water mark of American socialist electoral politics.

Foreign statesman 1865–1937 ○ Natural causes

The American colonel who brought General Electric turbines and dam-building expertise to the Soviet Union's showcase construction site

At the 1932 Dneprostroi dedication: "The practical experience of American methods thus acquired will be a lever in raising the living standards of this country."

A self-taught dam engineer, Hugh Lincoln Cooper made his name by taming the Horseshoe Rapids at Niagara (1907) and spanning the Mississippi at Keokuk (1913), rising to become America's foremost hydroelectric builder. In 1926 the Soviet government invited him as chief consultant for Dneprostroi; he supplied General Electric turbines, supervised every phase of construction, and delivered Europe's largest power station eight months ahead of schedule in 1932. That September the USSR awarded Cooper and five other American engineers the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, the first time the decoration went to a foreigner. He remained an anti-communist all his life, but without his dam there would have been no flagship achievement for the First Five-Year Plan.

Scholar 1867–1937 ○ Natural causes

An entomologist who carried scientific expertise into international relief

“Can we stop with feeding children alone while their natural protectors are allowed to die?”

Vernon Kellogg was an entomologist and science administrator whose work at Stanford advanced zoology and the institutionalization of scientific research in the United States. His wartime service with Herbert Hoover's relief work in Belgium brought him into postwar international humanitarian operations. After inspecting the Volga famine zone in 1921, he reported to Washington that relief could not be limited to children while their parents and other adults died, helping support the American Relief Administration's expansion. His career shows a scientific specialist becoming an agent of administrative and ethical judgment in the face of mass starvation.

Non-Soviet revolutionary 1868–1963 ○ Natural causes

"Capitalism cannot reform itself": father of the modern Negro liberation movement who joined the Communist Party at 93

"Communism will triumph. I want to help bring that day." — from his 1961 application to join the Communist Party USA, submitted at age 93

American sociologist, historian, Pan-Africanist, and the single most important African American intellectual of the 20th century. A co-founder of the NAACP, he edited its magazine The Crisis for 24 years, shaping the direction of the black civil rights movement, while his books The Souls of Black Folk and Black Reconstruction in America transformed American sociology and historiography. He viewed capitalism as the root cause of racism and pursued a synthesis of Marxism and Pan-Africanism. In 1961, at age 93, he joined the Communist Party USA; invited by Kwame Nkrumah, he settled in Ghana to begin work on the Encyclopedia Africana, and died there in 1963.

Non-Soviet revolutionary 1855–1926 ○ Heart failure

Five-time Socialist Party presidential candidate and pioneer of industrial railroad unionism

At his 1918 sentencing he declared: "While there is a lower class, I am in it, while there is a criminal element, I am of it, and while there is a soul in prison, I am not free."

The most iconic figure of American socialism and a pioneer of industrial unionism. After leading the American Railway Union through the Pullman Strike of 1894, he embraced Marxism in prison and helped found the Socialist Party of America (1901) and the IWW (1905). He ran for president five times, winning 6.0% in 1912, and from an Atlanta prison cell in 1920 he won over 914,000 votes, the high-water mark of American socialist electoral politics.

Foreign statesman 1865–1937 ○ Natural causes

The American colonel who brought General Electric turbines and dam-building expertise to the Soviet Union's showcase construction site

At the 1932 Dneprostroi dedication: "The practical experience of American methods thus acquired will be a lever in raising the living standards of this country."

A self-taught dam engineer, Hugh Lincoln Cooper made his name by taming the Horseshoe Rapids at Niagara (1907) and spanning the Mississippi at Keokuk (1913), rising to become America's foremost hydroelectric builder. In 1926 the Soviet government invited him as chief consultant for Dneprostroi; he supplied General Electric turbines, supervised every phase of construction, and delivered Europe's largest power station eight months ahead of schedule in 1932. That September the USSR awarded Cooper and five other American engineers the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, the first time the decoration went to a foreigner. He remained an anti-communist all his life, but without his dam there would have been no flagship achievement for the First Five-Year Plan.

Scholar 1867–1937 ○ Natural causes

An entomologist who carried scientific expertise into international relief

“Can we stop with feeding children alone while their natural protectors are allowed to die?”

Vernon Kellogg was an entomologist and science administrator whose work at Stanford advanced zoology and the institutionalization of scientific research in the United States. His wartime service with Herbert Hoover's relief work in Belgium brought him into postwar international humanitarian operations. After inspecting the Volga famine zone in 1921, he reported to Washington that relief could not be limited to children while their parents and other adults died, helping support the American Relief Administration's expansion. His career shows a scientific specialist becoming an agent of administrative and ethical judgment in the face of mass starvation.

Non-Soviet revolutionary 1868–1963 ○ Natural causes

"Capitalism cannot reform itself": father of the modern Negro liberation movement who joined the Communist Party at 93

"Communism will triumph. I want to help bring that day." — from his 1961 application to join the Communist Party USA, submitted at age 93

American sociologist, historian, Pan-Africanist, and the single most important African American intellectual of the 20th century. A co-founder of the NAACP, he edited its magazine The Crisis for 24 years, shaping the direction of the black civil rights movement, while his books The Souls of Black Folk and Black Reconstruction in America transformed American sociology and historiography. He viewed capitalism as the root cause of racism and pursued a synthesis of Marxism and Pan-Africanism. In 1961, at age 93, he joined the Communist Party USA; invited by Kwame Nkrumah, he settled in Ghana to begin work on the Encyclopedia Africana, and died there in 1963.