Country

Portugal

Citizenship 2 · Background 0 · Events 1

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People by citizenship 2View all

Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane

Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane
Non-Soviet revolutionary Portugal Mozambique 1920–1969 ✕ Assassinated

From US-educated anthropologist to founder of Mozambique's liberation front

“Although I loved university life above all, I decided to devote the rest of my life to the war of liberation of my country, until it receives independence!”

A Mozambican anthropologist who earned his PhD in the United States, he gave up an academic career to fuse rival liberation groups into the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO). As its first president he launched the 1964 armed struggle and set the movement toward a socialist line, leading it until his assassination in 1969, six years before independence.

Career timeline
  • 1953BA in anthropology and sociology, Oberlin College
  • 1955MA, Northwestern University
  • 1957–1961Research officer, UN Trusteeship Department; field research across Africa
  • 1960PhD in anthropology, Northwestern University, under Melville J. Herskovits
  • 1961–1963Assistant professor, Syracuse University; helped develop East African Studies Program
  • 1962FRELIMO founded; elected first president
  • 1964Launches armed liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule (25 September)
  • 1968Second FRELIMO Congress adopts socialist line, protracted war strategy; re-elected president
  • 1969.2.3Assassinated by letter bomb in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Amílcar Cabral

Amílcar Cabral
Non-Soviet revolutionary Portugal Guinea-Bissau 1924–1973 ✕ Assassinated

From agronomist to master theorist of African liberation

“Tell no lies. Claim no easy victories.” — party watchword, 1965

Anti-colonial revolutionary of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde and founder of the PAIGC. An agronomist who learned the colony by walking it village by village, he fused armed struggle with cultural liberation into an original strategy against Portuguese rule. Assassinated in 1973 on the eve of the independence he had made inevitable.

Career timeline
  • 1945–1952Agronomy in Lisbon; organizes African nationalist student circles
  • 1952–1954Agricultural census of Portuguese Guinea — learns the country village by village
  • 1956Founds the PAIGC
  • 1963–1973Leads the liberation war; schools and clinics in the freed zones
  • 1966Presented The Weapon of Theory at the first Tricontinental Conference
  • 1973.1Assassinated in Conakry, months before independence

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Directly involved historical events 1View all

1936–1939

The Spanish Civil War

The military rising of July 1936 was checked not by the government but by the arming of the unions, and in Catalonia and Aragon that response became a revolution in which factories and land passed into the workers' hands. While the Non-Intervention Agreement pushed by Britain and France blocked the legal government from buying arms, Germany and Italy armed the rebels, and in practice only the Soviet Union and Mexico would sell to the Republic. Soviet intervention kept the Republic standing, but it also sharpened the quarrel between those who held that the war had to be won before the revolution and those who answered that stopping the revolution would remove the reason to fight, until in May 1937 the argument broke into street fighting in Barcelona.