Poland

Hungary state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1791–1864 ○ Natural causes

Polish general of the November Uprising who became commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1849

Born in 1791, he entered the Polish army of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809, took part in most of Napoleon's eastern campaigns and fought at Leipzig in 1813. After Napoleon's fall he sat in the Sejm of Congress Poland. In the November Uprising of 1830 he led Polish forces with success, and in 1831, after his campaign in Lithuania, he was promoted to divisional general and briefly served as Polish commander-in-chief. After the uprising he emigrated to France, where he became a prominent politician of Czartoryski's Hôtel Lambert. In the Hungarian revolution he commanded the Northern Army, and on 29 January 1849 Kossuth appointed him commander-in-chief, but hampered by Görgei's jealousy he resigned after defeat at Kápolna. After the battle of Temesvár and Kossuth's resignation he fled to the Ottoman Empire and entered the sultan's service; in 1850 he returned to Paris, where he died in 1864.

Kingdom of Sardinia state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1793–1861 → Died in exile

Polish general of the November Uprising who led the Sardinian army in all but name and lost to Radetzky at Novara in 1849

Born at Biskupice in 1793, he began his military career as an artilleryman in 1810 and took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign. From 1815 he served in the army of the Kingdom of Poland, began a map of the kingdom in 1822 and fought in the Russian army under Diebitsch against the Ottomans in 1828–1829. In the November Uprising he became chief of the general staff and a divisional general, and was governor of Warsaw from 18 August to 6 September 1831. After the defeat he emigrated to Paris and was sent by the British government to assist Ottoman military reforms. After the armistice of 1848 Charles Albert called him in as chief of staff of the Piedmontese army; in 1849 he led it in all but name, but was outmanoeuvred and defeated by Radetzky at Novara and dismissed from Sardinian service. He died in Paris in 1861.

Hungary state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1794–1850 → Died in exile

Polish general of the November Uprising who led the defence of Vienna in 1848 and the Hungarian campaign in Transylvania

Born at Tarnów in Galicia in 1794, he joined the army of the Duchy of Warsaw and served in the invasion of Russia in 1812 and the defence of Danzig in 1813. He joined the Polish November Uprising against Russia in 1830 and became a brigadier general, then lived in exile in Paris. In October 1848 he led the defence of Vienna, and after its fall went to Hungary to offer his services to Kossuth. Entrusted with the defence of Transylvania, he won at Piski in February 1849 and in March drove out the Austrian and Russian troops, but his army was annihilated at Segesvár on 31 July and he was seriously wounded at Temesvár on 9 August. Fleeing to the Ottoman Empire, he converted to Islam and served as governor of Aleppo as Murad Pasha, dying of malaria in 1850.

National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1814–1878 ○ Died in exile

Polish émigré general who commanded the Posen rising of 1848 and then the revolutionary armies of Sicily and Baden

Born in 1814 at Nemours in France, the son of a Polish officer, he grew up in Congress Poland. He fought as a lieutenant in the November Uprising, emigrated to France and worked in émigré bodies such as the Polish Democratic Society. Chosen to lead the Greater Poland rising of 1846, he was arrested by the Prussian authorities and sentenced to death in December 1847, then amnestied by Frederick William IV in the Berlin revolution of March 1848. He commanded the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848, served as chief of staff of the Sicilian revolutionary army at Palermo from December 1848 to April 1849, and in 1849 commanded the insurgents of Baden and the Palatinate. After the defeat he returned to Paris. In 1863 he became the first dictator of the January Uprising but resigned after two defeats. He died in Paris in 1878.

Hungary state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1791–1864 ○ Natural causes

Polish general of the November Uprising who became commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1849

Born in 1791, he entered the Polish army of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809, took part in most of Napoleon's eastern campaigns and fought at Leipzig in 1813. After Napoleon's fall he sat in the Sejm of Congress Poland. In the November Uprising of 1830 he led Polish forces with success, and in 1831, after his campaign in Lithuania, he was promoted to divisional general and briefly served as Polish commander-in-chief. After the uprising he emigrated to France, where he became a prominent politician of Czartoryski's Hôtel Lambert. In the Hungarian revolution he commanded the Northern Army, and on 29 January 1849 Kossuth appointed him commander-in-chief, but hampered by Görgei's jealousy he resigned after defeat at Kápolna. After the battle of Temesvár and Kossuth's resignation he fled to the Ottoman Empire and entered the sultan's service; in 1850 he returned to Paris, where he died in 1864.

Kingdom of Sardinia state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1793–1861 → Died in exile

Polish general of the November Uprising who led the Sardinian army in all but name and lost to Radetzky at Novara in 1849

Born at Biskupice in 1793, he began his military career as an artilleryman in 1810 and took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign. From 1815 he served in the army of the Kingdom of Poland, began a map of the kingdom in 1822 and fought in the Russian army under Diebitsch against the Ottomans in 1828–1829. In the November Uprising he became chief of the general staff and a divisional general, and was governor of Warsaw from 18 August to 6 September 1831. After the defeat he emigrated to Paris and was sent by the British government to assist Ottoman military reforms. After the armistice of 1848 Charles Albert called him in as chief of staff of the Piedmontese army; in 1849 he led it in all but name, but was outmanoeuvred and defeated by Radetzky at Novara and dismissed from Sardinian service. He died in Paris in 1861.

Hungary state institutions National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1794–1850 → Died in exile

Polish general of the November Uprising who led the defence of Vienna in 1848 and the Hungarian campaign in Transylvania

Born at Tarnów in Galicia in 1794, he joined the army of the Duchy of Warsaw and served in the invasion of Russia in 1812 and the defence of Danzig in 1813. He joined the Polish November Uprising against Russia in 1830 and became a brigadier general, then lived in exile in Paris. In October 1848 he led the defence of Vienna, and after its fall went to Hungary to offer his services to Kossuth. Entrusted with the defence of Transylvania, he won at Piski in February 1849 and in March drove out the Austrian and Russian troops, but his army was annihilated at Segesvár on 31 July and he was seriously wounded at Temesvár on 9 August. Fleeing to the Ottoman Empire, he converted to Islam and served as governor of Aleppo as Murad Pasha, dying of malaria in 1850.

National liberation and anti-colonial movements 1814–1878 ○ Died in exile

Polish émigré general who commanded the Posen rising of 1848 and then the revolutionary armies of Sicily and Baden

Born in 1814 at Nemours in France, the son of a Polish officer, he grew up in Congress Poland. He fought as a lieutenant in the November Uprising, emigrated to France and worked in émigré bodies such as the Polish Democratic Society. Chosen to lead the Greater Poland rising of 1846, he was arrested by the Prussian authorities and sentenced to death in December 1847, then amnestied by Frederick William IV in the Berlin revolution of March 1848. He commanded the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848, served as chief of staff of the Sicilian revolutionary army at Palermo from December 1848 to April 1849, and in 1849 commanded the insurgents of Baden and the Palatinate. After the defeat he returned to Paris. In 1863 he became the first dictator of the January Uprising but resigned after two defeats. He died in Paris in 1878.