Allied Control Commission
연합국 통제위원회
The Allied bodies set up in the Axis-aligned states that concluded armistices with the Allies at the end of the Second World War (Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland and Hungary) to supervise the armistice terms until the peace treaties. In Italy the Western Allies ran the commission; in Romania, Bulgaria, Finland and Hungary it was chaired and effectively controlled by the representative of the Allied (Soviet) High Command. The commissions were dissolved when the Paris peace treaties of 1947 came into force. They are distinct from the four-power Allied Control Council that governed Germany.
In depth
The first was the Control Commission for Italy, established on 10 November 1943 under Article 37 of the Italian instrument of surrender of 29 September 1943. Its chief commissioners were General Noel Mason-MacFarlane and then Harold Macmillan, and it was dismantled on 14 December 1947 after the Italian peace treaty.
Article 18 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania of 12 September 1944 established an Allied Control Commission to regulate and control the execution of the terms "until the conclusion of peace … under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of the Allied Powers"; its annex obliged the Romanian government and its organs to fulfil all the commission's instructions and seated it in Bucharest. Its nominal head was Marshal Rodion Malinovsky and it was dominated by Red Army commanders. The commission was one of the tools the Soviet Union used to impose communist rule in Romania, and it was dissolved when the peace treaty took effect on 15 September 1947.
The armistices with Bulgaria of 28 October 1944 and with Hungary of 20 January 1945 set up commissions chaired by the representative of the Allied (Soviet) High Command with British and American members, placed under the general direction of the Soviet High Command until the end of hostilities against Germany. Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin chaired the Bulgarian commission and Marshal Kliment Voroshilov the Hungarian one. The Hungarian commission began work in Debrecen on 5 February 1945, supervised the land reform and industrial reconstruction on the orders of the State Defence Committee, and after the November 1945 election pressure from the Soviet envoy Georgy Pushkin and Voroshilov produced a four-party coalition of the Smallholders, Communists, Social Democrats and National Peasants. Both commissions ended when the peace treaties came into force in September 1947.
In Finland a commission of 200 Soviet and 15 British members under Colonel General Andrei Zhdanov arrived on 22 September 1944. Almost entirely Soviet-run, it was even officially called the Allied (Soviet) Control Commission. It required the Lapland War against the German troops in the north and demobilisation, the war-responsibility trials, bans on organisations such as the Civil Guard and Lotta Svärd, and the forced return of Soviet citizens, and it left Finland on 26 September 1947 when the Soviet Union ratified the Paris Peace Treaty.
These armistice-supervision bodies are distinct from the Allied Control Council (Alliierter Kontrollrat, active 1945–1948), through which the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France governed the whole of defeated Germany by unanimity, from the Allied Commission for Austria (1945–1955), and from the Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan.