Chartism
차티스트 운동
The British working-class movement for political reform, including universal manhood suffrage, under the People's Charter of 1838. It was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848 and had its strongholds in areas dependent on single industries such as Northern England, the East Midlands and the South Wales Valleys. Fiercely opposed by the authorities, it declined rapidly after 1848.
In depth
After the news of the Paris revolution in February 1848 activity revived, with protests and bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow and Dublin in March. When a procession was planned to carry a third petition to Parliament after a meeting on Kennington Common in London on 10 April, Parliament made seditious acts felonies punishable by death or transportation on 7 April and recruited 100,000 special constables. Feargus O'Connor addressed up to 50,000 people, called off the procession, and the petition went in three cabs. The meeting's organiser William Cuffay was transported to Australia for "conspiring to levy war". The last National Convention met in 1858. Chartist papers carried wide reports of the European revolutions of 1848, and in 1850 George Julian Harney's Red Republican serialised the first English translation of the Communist Manifesto.