Dekulakization
탈쿨라크화
Dekulakization was a Soviet campaign of mass repression launched in late 1929 when Stalin proclaimed the 'liquidation of the kulaks as a class.' A secret Politburo resolution of January 1930 divided targets into three categories: execution or imprisonment (Category I), deportation to remote regions (Category II), and resettlement within the district (Category III). Between 1930 and 1933, approximately 2.1–2.3 million were deported to special settlements and 20,000–30,000 were executed by troikas; the campaign served both to crush resistance to collectivization and to supply forced labor for the Gulag, with deliberately vague criteria applied to middle peasants, clergy, and former officials.
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- Wikipedia (EN) Comprehensive overview: Politburo resolution of 30 January 1930, three-category classification, deportation figures (2.1–2.3 million), execution figures (20,000–30,000), arbitrary definition of kulak, OGPU report showing only 55% met nominal economic criteria
- Wikipedia (RU) Russian article: alternative term раскрестьянивание (de-peasantization), Stalin's Pravda article correcting Ryutin, quota system and its rapid overfulfillment, 1930–1940 total of 2,176,600 in exile, 1991 rehabilitation law
- sciencespo.fr Nicolas Werth (Sciences Po, 2011): dekulakization as mass violence, dual objective of eliminating resistance and colonizing remote areas, troika coordination structure, self-dekulakization phenomenon, over 5 million expropriated or reduced to poverty, half a million untimely deaths among deportees