Haussmann's renovation of Paris
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The rebuilding of Paris carried out in 1853–1870 by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, prefect of the Seine, at Napoleon III's direction. It cleared narrow streets and old quarters in the centre for broad boulevards, parks and squares, sewers and water supply, and in 1860 annexed the suburbs inside the fortifications, enlarging Paris to twenty arrondissements. From the start it was criticised for rising rents, the displacement of poor residents from the centre and a military purpose of preventing barricades.
In depth
The works began with the "great crossing" of east–west and north–south axes through the centre and spread to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, where risings had been frequent in 1830–1848. Of the Boulevard Sébastopol Haussmann wrote in his memoirs that it had gutted "the neighborhood of riots, and of barricades". In seventeen years 19,730 buildings were demolished and 34,000 built, and the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes and the parks of the Buttes-Chaumont and Montsouris were created.
The cost spiralled, and Haussmann raised money through vouchers issued without parliamentary approval. In 1867 Jules Ferry mocked this as Les Comptes fantastiques d'Haussmann; a law of 1868 placed the city's finances under the Legislative Body's oversight, and in January 1870 Haussmann was dismissed. In The Housing Question (1872) Engels used "Haussmann" as the name for the bourgeois method of driving boulevards through workers' quarters, which moves the housing problem elsewhere instead of solving it. Haussmann's defenders reply that the division between east and west predated him and that the eastern working-class districts received as many new boulevards, parks and schools as the west.