July Days
7월 사태
The July Days were armed anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd on 3–5 July (O.S.) 1917, in which hundreds of thousands of soldiers from the First Machine Gun Regiment, Kronstadt sailors, and factory workers marched under the slogan 'All Power to the Soviets'. Triggered by the disastrous Kerensky Offensive and the resignation of Kadet ministers, the uprising was suppressed with bloodshed by troops loyal to the Provisional Government; a crackdown followed that drove Lenin into hiding in Finland and saw Trotsky, Kamenev, and other Bolshevik leaders arrested. The episode marked the end of dual power, extinguished the possibility of a peaceful transfer of power to the Soviets, and set the stage for the turn toward armed insurrection.
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Sources
- Wikipedia (EN) general account of the July Days: background, demonstrations, Bolshevik involvement, and aftermath
- Wikipedia (RU) Russian Wikipedia: detailed chronology, role of the First Machine Gun Regiment, Bolshevik internal debates, and aftermath
- encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net Siobhan Peeling, 'July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire)', 1914-1918-online: scholarly overview of origins, demonstrations, historiography of Bolshevik involvement, and legacy