Manchukuo
만주국
Manchukuo was a puppet state established by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria in 1932 following the Japanese invasion, with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, installed as nominal head of state while real power rested with the commander of the Kwantung Army, who also served as Japanese ambassador. Proclaimed the Empire of Manchukuo in 1934 under the banner of 'ethnic harmony' among five races, it functioned in practice as a logistics base for Japan's continental invasion and a colony for heavy industrial development. Its poorly demarcated borders with the Soviet Union and Mongolia generated repeated clashes throughout the 1930s, including the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, and the state was dissolved in August 1945 after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
Related terms
Related historical events
Sources
- Wikipedia (EN) primary article: puppet state status, founding in 1932, Puyi as nominal ruler, Kwantung Army control, transition to empire in 1934, Concordia Association and 'ethnic harmony' ideology, borders with USSR/Mongolia, Khalkhin Gol, dissolution in August 1945
- Wikipedia (RU) Russian article: Маньчжоу-Го as империя под влиянием японской военной администрации (1932–1945), Пу И as Верховный правитель/император, участие в боях на Халхин-Голе, прекращение существования после советско-японской войны, дипломатическое признание СССР де-факто в 1935 и де-юре в 1941
- nippon.com Nippon.com article by historian Suzuki Sadami: establishment as puppet state, Puyi's nominal role, Kwantung Army control through 'internal guidance' (naimen shidō), border skirmishes from 1935 as efforts to expand Manchukuo borders, dissolution after Japan's defeat
- pacificatrocities.org Pacific Atrocities Education: border disputes arising from poorly defined frontier after Soviet sale of North Manchurian Railway in 1935, Manchukuo as launchpad for attacks against USSR and China