Marhaenism
마르해니즘
A socialist political ideology formulated by Sukarno that adapted Marxism to Indonesian conditions and culture. It replaced the proletariat with the 'Marhaen' (a category encompassing the vast majority of Indonesian people: poor peasants, small traders, and self-employed artisans who owned their own small means of production) as the revolutionary subject, and combined social nationalism, social democracy, and cultural divinity within an anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist framework. It was the guiding ideology of Sukarno's Indonesian National Party (PNI), and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) also operated under this banner while building its mass organizations during the Sukarno era.
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Sources
- Wikipedia (EN) comprehensive article covering etymology (Sukarno's claimed encounter with a peasant named Marhaen near Bandung, 1926–1927), the ideological framework (social nationalism, social democracy, cultural divinity), rejection of liberalism and individualism, and the ideology's role as the PNI's guiding doctrine
- id.wikipedia.org Indonesian Wikipedia article confirming the peasant-Marhaen etymology, the 1930 Indonesia Menggugat speech as first public use, the ideology's core principles of small-scale self-sufficient production, and Sukarno's 1960 UN speech positioning Pancasila/Marhaenism as a third way between the Western and Eastern blocs