Mongolian cooperative herding and planning

The Mongolian People’s Republic combined state enterprises with herding cooperatives. After retreating from forced collectivization in the early 1930s, it resumed multiyear plans in 1948 with Soviet financial and technical support.

Cooperatives organized herding, veterinary care and transport, while some privately owned livestock remained. Under Tsedenbal, planning coordination with the USSR accompanied mining, processing and urban infrastructure. Socialist ownership included both state and cooperative property.

Official produced national income in 1985 attributed 32.4% to industry and 18.3% to agriculture. This material-product accounting measure is not directly comparable with modern GDP sector shares. The transition of the early 1990s brought abrupt changes in external support and trade, alongside a contraction in output.