Des Idées napoléoniennes
나폴레옹적 관념
Les Idées napoléoniennes, the political pamphlet that Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte published in London in 1839, and the Bonapartist programme it set out. It portrayed Napoleon I as the precursor of liberty and called for a strong government resting on universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. In The Eighteenth Brumaire Marx turned the phrase against its author: the "Napoleonic ideas" of small-holding property, strong government, bureaucracy, the rule of the priests and the supremacy of the army had all been the ideas of the young small holding, and were now only the hallucinations of its death struggle.
In depth
Louis-Napoléon published the book in 1839, after his Rêveries politiques (1833) and his political and military considerations on Switzerland (1834). With money inherited from his mother he had 50,000 copies printed; it went through three editions and was eventually translated into six languages. In it he made Napoleon I the precursor of liberty, and his follower Fialin backed it with his Lettres de Londres. The next year, 1840, he landed at Boulogne in a second attempted coup and was captured.
The programme rested on two ideas, universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. He called for "a monarchy which procures the advantages of the Republic without the inconveniences", a regime "strong without despotism, free without anarchy, independent without conquest", and envisaged a wider European community of nations. The book also stated that "in a government whose basis is democratic, the chief alone holds governmental power; moral force derives from him alone, and everything, hatred or love, goes straight back up to him." This joining of authority to popular sovereignty became the basic frame of the Second Empire.
In The Eighteenth Brumaire Marx used the title as a gibe. Under the parliamentary republic, as often as Bonaparte blurted out his intentions behind his ministers' backs and played with his "idées napoléoniennes", his own ministers disavowed him from the tribune of the National Assembly. In chapter VII he took the ideas apart one by one. The first "Napoleonic idea" was small-holding property, which at the beginning of the century had emancipated and enriched the French countryfolk and had become the law of their enslavement and pauperism. The second was strong and unlimited government, the third an enormous bureaucracy, well-gallooned and well-fed, another the rule of the priests as an instrument of government, and the culmination the preponderance of the army.
His conclusion: "As we see, all 'idées napoléoniennes' are ideas of the undeveloped small holding in the freshness of its youth; for the small holding that has outlived its day they are an absurdity. They are only the hallucinations of its death struggle." Under Napoleon I taxes came back with interest in the form of new markets and the plunder of the Continent; now they took the peasant's last reserves, and the army had become not the peasants' heroes but the gendarmes who hunted them down.