Thirteen Martyrs of Arad
아라드 13인 순교자
The twelve generals and one colonel of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed at Arad (today in Romania) on 6 October 1849 on the orders of the Austrian general Haynau. The same day the first prime minister, Lajos Batthyány, was shot in Pest, and 6 October became a day of mourning in Hungary.
In depth
After Világos Görgei was spared at Russia's insistence, but the Austrians took reprisals on other officers. Those executed were Lajos Aulich, János Damjanich, Arisztid Dessewffy, Ernő Kiss, Károly Knezić, György Lahner, Vilmos Lázár, Károly Leiningen-Westerburg, József Nagysándor, Ernő Poeltenberg, József Schweidel, Ignác Török and Károly Vécsey. Hanging was deemed a humiliation, and some were shot instead. Most were not of ethnic Hungarian origin: Damjanich was of Serb descent, and Baron Hruby, also executed at Arad, was a German-speaking Czech.
Haynau, the "Hangman of Arad", became an object of hatred in western Europe and was chased by brewery draymen in London. A legend that Austrian soldiers clinked beer glasses to celebrate the executions gave rise to the Hungarian custom of not clinking beer glasses, though the historian Róbert Hermann finds no record to support it. A martyrs' monument stands at Arad.