threefold war
삼중전쟁
Threefold war is a concept for understanding the Italian Resistance from 1943 to 1945 as three interrelated struggles. It identifies a war of national liberation against the German occupiers, a civil war against fascism, and a class war running through both conflicts.
In depth
Claudio Pavone rejected reducing the Italian Resistance to a single national struggle and examined its overlapping motives and alignments. In this framework, armed action against German forces and the Italian Social Republic sought liberation from foreign occupation, while conflict between Italian anti-fascists and fascists or collaborators had the character of civil war. Workers’ and peasants’ organisation and revolutionary expectations supplied the class dimension, whose relation to the other two wars varied by region and period.