Activities and affiliations

Scholarship and theory 1941–

British historian whose 'Castro' argued US hostility pushed Cuba toward socialism

His 1990 'Castro' is cited as a leading statement of the thesis that US hostility pushed Cuba toward communism and dependence on the USSR, casting Castro as a nationalist and anti-imperialist in the vein of José Martí.

A British historian born in 1941, Professor Emeritus of Contemporary Spanish Studies at the London School of Economics. He took an MA in Latin American Studies at the University of London's Latin American Institute and a doctorate in history at the LSE, and held a Senior Lectureship at Goldsmiths, University of London. Appointed to an LSE Readership in Contemporary Spanish Studies in 1996, he became Assistant Director of the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies and later Professor in the Department of Government and the European Institute, and has been Emeritus Professor in the Government Department since 2006. He describes his research interests as centring on contemporary Spanish history, with the political career of Fidel Castro, the Cuban Revolution and Cuba-United States relations as another area of expertise.

Scholarship and theory 1941–

Revisionist trailblazer who reconstructed Soviet social history 'from below'

'Nothing fails like failure, and for historians approaching the revolution's centenary the disappearance of the Soviet Union casts a pall.' ('What's Left?', LRB, 2017)

The Australian-born historian who led the revisionist school of Soviet studies. In the 1970s and 1980s, with works like Education and Social Mobility, The Russian Revolution, Stalin's Peasants, and Everyday Stalinism, she pioneered a 'history from below' that read the Soviet system through the eyes of workers, peasants, and city-dwellers rather than the state and its leaders. In her 2017 LRB essay 'What's Left?', she surveyed the centenary histories of the October Revolution and mapped the three dominant frameworks (the totalitarian model, revisionist social history, and the post-1991 consensus that the revolution was a 'historical dead end'), arguing that the revolution's path to Stalinism was the product of social dynamics, not inevitability, a stance that unsettled both Cold War orthodoxy and its Marxist critics.

Scholarship and theory 1941–

A historian who recast the international history of Japan's surrender

Japan's surrender in August 1945 cannot be explained by the atomic bomb alone.

Tsuyoshi Hasegawa is a Japanese-American historian of modern Russian and Soviet history, the Cold War, and Russo-Japanese relations. His work ranges across the Russian Revolution, Soviet-Japanese relations, and the international history of the Pacific War's end, linking diplomacy to social and political change. His major book, Racing the Enemy, reopened debate over Japan's surrender by arguing that the Soviet declaration of war and invasion in August 1945, not the atomic bombings alone, decisively altered Japan's strategic options.

Scholarship and theory 1941–

An ethnologist who challenged the nation as a fixed essence

He described the nation as a powerful metaphor that political actors compete to monopolize.

Valery Tishkov is a Russian ethnologist and social anthropologist known for studying ethnicity, nationalism, and interethnic conflict. He treated nations less as naturally given communities than as categories mobilized and reconstructed by political actors and elites, an approach crystallized in Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame. As Minister for Nationalities in 1992, he connected scholarly analysis of ethnicity to the governing problems of a multiethnic state and the prevention of conflict. His constructivist interpretation became one pole of debate over whether nationalism is chiefly elite-made or also an autonomous expression of popular experience.

Scholarship and theory 1941–

A biographer who reshaped the study of Soviet leadership

In the biography's preface Taubman called Khrushchev "a complex man whose story combines triumph and tragedy for his country as well as himself."

William Taubman is an American political scientist and historian of Soviet politics and the Cold War. After years of research, he published Khrushchev: The Man and His Era in 2003, a biography that won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. The book presents Khrushchev as both an heir to and a critic of Stalinism, placing the secret speech at the Twentieth Party Congress within the leader’s character and institutional setting. Taubman also wrote studies of Gorbachev and Stalin’s American policy, tracing the relationship between Soviet leadership and international politics.

Scholarship and theory Affiliation unconfirmed 1942–1980 ✕ Assassinated

Guyanese Marxist historian who demonstrated how Europe underdeveloped Africa, scholar-activist of the Pan-African revolution

"For the only great men among the unfree and the oppressed are those who struggle to destroy the oppressor." — How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)

A Guyanese Marxist historian and Pan-African activist, Rodney reshaped Third World historiography with How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972), arguing that the slave trade, colonialism, and the capitalist world system structurally produced Africa's underdevelopment. From the Dar es Salaam and West Indies campuses he helped build a decolonised social science, and in Guyana he pursued a socialist politics grounded in multiracial working-class solidarity.

Scholarship and theory 1943–

The revisionist historian who recast the Korean War as fundamentally a civil war

"Civil wars do not start: they come" (The Origins of the Korean War)

An American historian of East Asia whose two-volume The Origins of the Korean War (1981, 1990) recast the conflict not as an international Cold War clash but as a civil war rooted in Japanese colonial rule and post-liberation social conflict. As Gustavus F. and Ann M. Swift Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, he fundamentally reshaped how American scholarship understands the Korean War, earning the John K. Fairbank Prize and the Kim Dae-jung Academic Award. His work directly challenged the traditionalist Cold War narrative, igniting fierce historiographical debate and shifting the paradigm of modern Korean history.

Scholarship and theory 1943–

Economist who began with NEP studies and framed the Kosygin-reform debate

The reform stalled, the country entered a period of stagnation, and that stagnation ultimately predetermined the decline of the socialist economy in the USSR.

Yuri Goland is a Russian economist whose work began with the study of the Soviet New Economic Policy (NEP) and monetary reform. After graduating from Moscow State University's physics faculty, he worked for decades in physical-sciences research before turning to economics in the 1990s, focusing on reconstructing the history of NEP-era policy debates. In 2010 he co-authored with Alexander Nekipelov 'The Kosygin Reform: A Missed Chance or a Mirage?', which crystallized the central question of post-Soviet historiography on the reform.

Scholarship and theory Affiliation unconfirmed 1944–

Marxist feminist philosopher who theorised the prison-industrial complex, co-founder of Critical Resistance

"I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." — courtroom declaration, 5 January 1971

American Marxist-feminist philosopher and foundational theorist of prison abolition. Joining CPUSA in 1968, she ran for Vice President in 1980 and 1984. Her 1970 arrest and sixteen-month imprisonment, ending in full acquittal, sparked a global solidarity campaign. Her landmark Women, Race & Class (1981) established intersectional analysis of race, gender and class; she went on to theorise the prison-industrial complex. In 1997 she co-founded Critical Resistance to advance abolition democracy. Distinguished Professor Emerita at UC Santa Cruz, she has stood at the crossroads of radical thought and practice for over five decades.

Scholarship and theory 1944–

A mathematical demographer who made mortality and life expectancy legible

His calculation that male life expectancy rose by 3.2 years to 65 in 1987 translated the policy debate into the language of mortality.

Evgeny Andreev is a demographer who combined mathematical rigor with practical statistical work to study mortality in Russia and the Soviet Union. His decomposition method made it possible to trace changes in life expectancy by age and cause of death, while his calculation of a 3.2-year rise in male life expectancy to 65 by 1987 became a key measure of the health outcome associated with the anti-alcohol campaign. His research on alcohol-related mortality placed policy effects within longer statistical and methodological contexts rather than reducing them to a simple political narrative.

Scholarship and theory 1944–

A historian who traces the Russian question through Soviet history

Over the years I became convinced that the Leningrad Affair cannot be understood in essence apart from the history of the 'Russian question' throughout the existence of Soviet Russia, from 1917 to this day.

Vladimir Dmitrievich Kuznechevsky is a Russian historian and Doctor of Historical Sciences who studies the political history of the Soviet Union and Russia. His writings examine Stalin-era power and the nationalities policy of the state, most notably interpreting the Leningrad Affair as a conflict over the status of the Russian republic and Russian leadership cadres. This approach treats the affair not simply as a struggle for office but as part of the unresolved “Russian question” within the Soviet system, making his work a significant and contested historiographical intervention.

Scholarship and theory 1945–

The preeminent chronicler of Soviet memory politics who traced the Lenin cult and the Great Patriotic War myth

"People need to value what they have, and what Russians have always had is loss."

Born in 1945 to Russian Jewish immigrants, Nina Tumarkin is an American historian of Russia who has taught Soviet history and memory politics at Wellesley College since 1975. Her first book, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (1983), won the Wilson Prize, and her definitive study The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (1994) demonstrated how Stalin suppressed war memory, Brezhnev elevated it into a cult, and the cult was contested after 1985. One of six Soviet experts who briefed President Reagan before the 1985 Geneva Summit, she later learned that President Clinton read her book before his 1995 Moscow Victory Day visit and called it 'a great book.'

Scholarship and theory 1945–

The US diplomatic historian who reframed the Korean War as a substitute for World War III and led the post-revisionist challenge to Cumings

"In many ways, the Korean War was the dress rehearsal for World War III. Since we avoided that third global war, veterans of Korea should have a sense they were involved in a very important event that was absolutely critical to shaping the world of today."

A US diplomatic historian and the leading post-revisionist scholar of the Korean War, Stueck argued in his 1995 The Korean War: An International History that the conflict functioned, by its timing, course, and outcome, as a substitute for World War III. Drawing on archives from seven countries, he pushed back against Bruce Cumings's revisionist framing of the war as primarily a civil conflict, re-situating it within the international politics of the Cold War. Over three decades at the University of Georgia, he established the diplomatic-history paradigm of Korean War studies and helped move the conflict from the 'forgotten war' to a central theater of Cold War history.

Scholarship and theory 1946–2009 ○ Natural causes

Russian general-major and insider historian of the Afghan war

He wrote Tragedy and Valour of Afghanistan (1995) from his vantage point as closest aide in the Operational Group in Afghanistan, drawing on little-known and secret archival material and on the testimony of participants.

Aleksandr Lyakhovsky was a Russian military figure and military-historical writer, born in Tbilisi on 5 February 1946 and dead in Moscow on 3 February 2009. He graduated with the gold medal from the Baku Higher Combined-Arms Command School in 1968 and took part in the events in Czechoslovakia, then graduated with distinction from the Frunze Military Academy in 1977 and spent eight years at the General Staff Main Operations Directorate on military cooperation with African countries. From 1987 to 1989 he served in the USSR Defence Ministry Operational Group in Afghanistan as the closest aide to its head, Varennikov, until the withdrawal ended, and in 1990 became first deputy chief of the Operations Directorate of the Ground Forces Main Staff. He retired to the reserve in 2002 at the rank of general-mayor.

Scholarship and theory 1946–

The American historian whose Beria biography revealed the paradox of Stalin's executioner as unlikely reformer

The New York Times described her as "the West's foremost scholar" of the KGB.

Amy Knight is an American historian of the Soviet Union and Russia, described by The New York Times as "the West's foremost scholar" of the KGB. Her 1993 biography Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant was the first comprehensive scholarly study of Lavrentii Beria in English, drawing on newly opened Soviet archives to reveal a more complex figure than the caricature of a sadistic police chief: a man who, in the power vacuum after Stalin's death, sought to liberalize the Soviet system before Khrushchev crushed him. Knight's work spans from the Kirov murder to Putin-era political killings, but the Beria paradox remains her defining contribution: the argument that the Gulag's architect became, briefly and fatefully, an unlikely voice for reform.

Scholarship and theory 1946–

A political economist of Soviet system change

In Revolution from Above, Kotz argued that the USSR's ruling party-state elite itself dismantled the Soviet system in pursuit of greater wealth and power.

David M. Kotz is an American economist whose work examines institutional change and political economy. With Fred Weir, he interpreted the Soviet demise not simply as economic collapse and popular revolt, but as a process in which the party-state elite dismantled the system in pursuit of greater wealth and power. Their book Revolution from Above links Soviet stagnation, perestroika, the formation of a pro-capitalist coalition, and Russia's subsequent political economy.

Scholarship and theory 1946–2010

Irish scholar of Middle East international politics and South Yemen

His 1985 LSE thesis on the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the 1990 book built on it are the standard study cited when assessing the South Yemeni socialist state's achievements and limits.

Simon Frederick Peter Halliday (1946–2010) was an Irish writer and scholar of international relations and the Middle East, born in Dublin. He read PPE at Queen's College, Oxford, took an MSc in Middle East politics at SOAS, and sat on the New Left Review editorial board from 1969 to 1983. His 1985 LSE doctorate on South Yemen's foreign relations became the standard study of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and he taught international relations at the LSE, as professor from 1985 until 2008.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

Historian of modern Ethiopia

Against the loose figure of 120 Derg members, he wrote that in actual fact their number was less than 110, that senior officers were deliberately excluded, and that no new members were ever admitted.

Historian and author of modern Ethiopian history, and emeritus professor at Addis Ababa University. He studied history at Haile Selassie I University and African history at the University of London, and served as Head of the History Department and Director of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies. He wrote the standard synthetic text on modern Ethiopia, 1855 to 1991, and was a founding member of the Forum for Social Studies.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

An archival military historian of the Pacific War

Frank argued the atomic bombs moved the emperor and set the surrender in motion, while Soviet intervention is 'the factor that weighs heavily on enforcing compliance with the surrender' of Japan's armed forces.

Richard B. Frank is an American lawyer and military historian of the Pacific War in World War II. His work follows operations, policy, and the decisions of Japanese leaders from Guadalcanal to the end of the Japanese Empire. Downfall is especially important for its analysis of Japan’s surrender as a contested outcome shaped by military collapse, the atomic bombings, and the Soviet entry into the war.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

A historian who connects war’s military outcomes to its psychological meaning

“Militarily, it was the moment when the balance significantly shifts, but symbolically it was when the Soviet people suddenly began to believe in themselves.”

Richard Overy is a British historian of the Second World War and Nazi Germany whose work examines the structures and consequences of modern war. He has treated military operations alongside economic mobilisation, social experience, and political psychology as forces shaping the course of conflict. On Stalingrad, he argues that the Soviet victory did not yet make Germany’s defeat certain in strategic terms, but marked a symbolic and psychological turning point: Soviet society began to believe in itself, while the message that Germany was vulnerable spread around the world. His approach links material conditions of war to changes in collective perception rather than treating them as competing explanations.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

The Oxford economic historian who reassessed Soviet industrialization as one of the most successful development stories of the 20th century

"Soviet economic performance is usually dismissed as a failure. In contrast, I argue, the Soviet economy performed well. Japan was certainly the most successful developing economy of the twentieth century, but the USSR ranked just behind it."

Oxford economic historian Robert C. Allen argued in his 2003 book *Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution* that Soviet industrialization was one of the most successful development stories of the 20th century. His recalculation found that consumption per head rose by roughly 30% between 1928 and 1937, directly reversing the classic studies by Abram Bergson and Janet Chapman that had concluded consumption declined. Using a simulation model, he also presented a counterfactual showing that a continuation of NEP without collectivization would have produced similar GDP growth rates, making his work a key reference in debates over the costs and achievements of Stalinist industrialisation.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

A contentious biographer of Soviet history

He introduced his Trotsky biography with the words: 'If Mercader's ice axe didn't finish Trotsky off, I hope my book does.'

Robert Service is a British historian of the Soviet Union whose work ranges across the political history from the Revolution to Stalin's death. His biographies of Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky interpret individual choices alongside the structures of the revolutionary state. His account of Beria's elimination as a struggle shaped not only by Beria's crimes but also by his post-Stalin reform proposals has made him a significant, contested voice in the historiography.

Scholarship and theory 1947–

Australian economic historian who reconstructed Soviet famine and repression statistics from the archives

"We do not absolve Stalin from responsibility for the famine… But the story which has emerged in this book is of a Soviet leadership which was struggling with a famine crisis which had been caused partly by their wrongheaded policies, but was unexpected and undesirable."

An Australian economic historian and researcher of Soviet social, economic, and demographic history. With Robert W. Davies he co-authored The Years of Hunger (2004), using post-Soviet archives to estimate famine deaths at about 4.5–6.5 million and to argue that the famine was not an intentional genocide but a tragedy produced by forced grain procurement, weather disasters, and reckless industrialisation. His 1990 article 'More Light on the Scale of Repression and Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s' began a career-long effort to correct inflated Western figures, later extending to comparative work on German and Soviet repression.

Scholarship and theory 1948–

Former Maoist urban guerrilla turned Francoist revisionist historian who reignited Spain's Civil War debates

Asked in a 2008 interview whether he condemned Franco's regime, he refused, declaring that "Franco deserves the gratitude and recognition of the majority of Spaniards."

A controversial Spanish writer who evolved from a founding member of the Maoist urban guerrilla group GRAPO into Francoism's most prominent revisionist historian. He argues that the left, not the right, bore primary responsibility for the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, contending that the Socialist-led insurrection of October 1934 was the conflict's true beginning. His 2003 bestseller Myths of the Civil War sold 150,000 copies and ignited the post-2000 revisionism debates, drawing praise from Stanley G. Payne and fierce rejection from mainstream historians including Paul Preston and Alberto Reig Tapia.