Historical Events
Lithuania · Events 5
Baltic wars of independence and border settlements
After Germany's collapse in November 1918 the new governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had to build states between three forces: the Red Army, the Russian Whites and the German Freikorps. Estonia, backed by the British fleet and Finnish volunteers and having won its peasants with land reform, drove out the Red Army in early 1919; when Yudenich's Northwestern Army, launched from Estonian soil, broke before Petrograd, Estonia disarmed it and in February 1920 signed at Tartu Soviet Russia's first treaty recognizing a state's independence. Latvia defeated in turn Stučka's Soviet government, von der Goltz's German troops and Niedra's pro-German government, and Bermondt-Avalov's attack on Riga; Lithuania saw off Litbel but lost Vilnius to Poland. The treaties of Tartu, Moscow, Riga and Tartu (Finland), all signed in 1920, drew Soviet Russia's north-western frontier, but the Polish-Lithuanian dispute remained.
The Soviet-Polish War
The Soviet-Polish War was fought from 1919 to 1921 between reborn Poland and Soviet Russia in the borderlands of three collapsed empires. Begun without declaration in Belorussia in February 1919, it became full-scale war in April 1920 when Pilsudski, allied with Petliura, drove on Kiev. Budyonny's cavalry and Tukhachevsky's July offensive reversed the tide, and the Red Army marched on Warsaw under the banner of exporting revolution, only to be decisively beaten in the Battle of Warsaw in August. The Peace of Riga in March 1921 drew the border far east of the Curzon Line, partitioning Belorussia and Ukraine; it stood until 1939. The defeat before Warsaw proved in practice the last attempt to export revolution by bayonet, and turned the Soviet state onto the road of building in one country.
The Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Partition of Eastern Europe
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed on the night of 23 August 1939 in the Moscow Kremlin by Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Alongside public non-aggression clauses, it contained a secret additional protocol carving Eastern Europe into Soviet and German spheres of influence. With Anglo-French collective-security talks deadlocked by Poland's refusal to admit Soviet troops, Stalin chose the German option. Germany invaded Poland a week later; on 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded from the east. On 28 September the two powers sealed the partition with the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, revising the secret protocol to transfer Lithuania to the Soviet sphere in exchange for handing Lublin and parts of Warsaw to Germany. The pact served as the platform for the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states, the Winter War against Finland, and the seizure of Bessarabia, remaining in force until Germany tore it up on 22 June 1941.
The Baltic Independence Movement and the Baltic Way
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania remembered their 1940 annexation under the secret protocols of the Nazi-Soviet pact, and once glasnost opened, that memory became politics. The Hirvepark rally in Tallinn in August 1987 was the first public denunciation of the protocols; in 1988 popular fronts formed in all three republics: the Rahvarinne in Estonia, the Latvian Popular Front, Sajudis in Lithuania. Grown on the tradition of song festivals, the movement was called the Singing Revolution. In November 1988 Estonia issued the first declaration of sovereignty, and on 23 August 1989, the pact's fiftieth anniversary, two million people joined hands in the Baltic Way, a human chain of six hundred kilometres linking the three capitals. That December the Congress of People's Deputies acknowledged the secret protocols existed and declared them void: the legal basis of the annexation was repudiated by Soviet hands.
The August Coup and the Collapse of the USSR
In August 1991, hardliners seeking to stop the signing of a new union treaty confined Gorbachev and set up a State Committee for the State of Emergency to stage a coup. Led by Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pavlov and others, the coup collapsed within three days as Yeltsin resisted atop a tank and citizens rallied. The coup’s failure only accelerated the dissolution of the union.