People of the Revolution and the USSR
- Alexander Ivanovich Herzen Александр Иванович Герцен Founder of Russian peasant socialism, publisher of The Bell
- Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev Николай Платонович Огарёв Russian utopian socialist theorist who co-edited Kolokol with Herzen
- Nikolai Yakovlevich Danilevsky Николай Яковлевич Данилевский Pan-Slavist philosopher who theorized cultural-historical types to argue for Russia's civilizational distinctiveness
- Pyotr Lavrovich Lavrov Пётр Лаврович Лавров Foundational theorist of Narodnik philosophy whose Historical Letters declared the intelligentsia's 'debt to the people'
- Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky Николай Гаврилович Чернышевский The revolutionary democrat whose What Is to Be Done? remade Lenin and shaped a generation of revolutionaries
- Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov Николай Фёдорович Фёдоров The founder of Russian cosmism who made the resurrection of the dead into a scientific common task of humanity
- Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov Николай Александрович Добролюбов The literary critic who died at 25 but became the teacher of an entire generation of Russian revolutionaries
- Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovsky Николай Константинович Михайловский The narodnik intelligentsia's 'ruler of thoughts,' founder of the subjective method in sociology and the theory of heroes and the crowd
- Pyotr Nikitich Tkachev Пётр Никитич Ткачёв The Russian Jacobin Narodnik who first theorized a conspiratorial vanguard dictatorship, precursor to Leninist party doctrine
- Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky Николай Егорович Жуковский The 'Father of Russian Aviation' who gave aerodynamics its mathematical foundations, built Russia's first wind tunnel, and founded TsAGI
- Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov Георгий Валентинович Плеханов The father of Russian Marxism: against his own pupils’ revolution
- Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev Владимир Львович Бурцев 'Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution' who serially exposed Tsarist secret police agents provocateurs
- Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky Михаил Иванович Туган-Барановский From Legal Marxism to ethical socialism: the economist who pioneered business cycle theory
- Alexander Lvovich Parvus Александр Львович Парвус Co-author of permanent revolution who arranged Lenin's sealed train: the 'merchant of revolution'
- Yekaterina Dmitriyevna Kuskova Екатерина Дмитриевна Кускова A publicist who moved between reformist socialism and anti-party politics
- Sergei Nikolayevich Bulgakov Сергей Николаевич Булгаков The Marxist economist who became a priest and built the theological system of Sophia
- Sergei Nikolaevich Prokopovich Сергей Николаевич Прокопович An economist who analysed the tension between markets and state control
- Sadri Maksudi Садри Максуди Tatar lawyer and Duma deputy who headed the national administration of Idel-Ural
- Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin Иван Александрович Ильин Hegelian legal philosopher who deemed October a 'national catastrophe' and became a White émigré ideologue
- Ahmet-Zaki Validi Әхмәтзәки Вәлиди Leader of the Bashkir national movement who proclaimed Bashkir autonomy, commanded the Bashkir Army and took it over to the Soviet side
- Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachev Дмитрий Сергеевич Лихачёв Gulag survivor, world authority on Old Russian literature, moral conscience of late Soviet society
- Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurnosov Владимир Александрович Курносов Author and technical director of the 'Shelter' that encased Chernobyl's ruined Reactor 4
- Alexandr Alexandrovich Fursenko Александр Александрович Фурсенко The historian who first reconstructed the Cuban Missile Crisis from Soviet archives
- Yevgeny Grigoryevich Yasin Евгений Григорьевич Ясин A liberal economist who helped design the transition from a planned to a market economy
- Edvard Stanislavovich Radzinsky Эдвард Станиславович Радзинский A popular historian who reconstructed Russia’s tragedies through archives and drama
- Leonid Yanovich Gibianskii Леонид Янович Гибианский The historian whose archival discoveries rewrote the study of the Tito-Stalin split
- Yuri Nikolayevich Zhukov Юрий Николаевич Жуков A historian who reopened the question of responsibility in the Stalin era
- Valery Aleksandrovich Tishkov Валерий Александрович Тишков An ethnologist who challenged the nation as a fixed essence
- Yuri Markovich Goland Юрий Маркович Голанд Economist who began with NEP studies and framed the Kosygin-reform debate
- Evgeny Mikhailovich Andreev Евгений Михайлович Андреев A mathematical demographer who made mortality and life expectancy legible
- Vladimir Dmitrievich Kuznechevsky Владимир Дмитриевич Кузнечевский A historian who traces the Russian question through Soviet history
- Aleksandr Antonovich Lyakhovsky Александр Антонович Ляховский Russian general-major and insider historian of the Afghan war
- Rustem Makhmutovich Nureyev Рустем Махмутович Нуреев The institutional economist who crystallized the 50-year debate over the Kosygin reform in a single book title
- Gennady Vasilyevich Kostyrchenko Геннадий Васильевич Костырченко The archival historian of Stalin's state antisemitism who argued the 1953 deportation was a myth
- Vladislav Martinovich Zubok Владислав Мартинович Зубок The Cold War historian who read the Soviet collapse as 'a perfect storm and a hapless captain': a man-made disaster
- Nikolai Sergeyevich Simonov Николай Сергеевич Симонов The VPK's chronicler, the historian who dissected the Soviet military-industrial complex
- Oleg Vitalyevich Khlevniuk Олег Витальевич Хлевнюк An archival historian of Stalin's political power
- Sergei Viktorovich Iarov Сергей Викторович Яров A historian who widened the blockade story from heroism to everyday ethics
- Leonid Anatolyevich Naumov Леонид Анатольевич Наумов The Moscow history teacher who read the Great Terror through its regional statistics
- Yuri Mikhailovich Kilin Юрий Михайлович Килин A historian who recalculated the Winter War casualty record
- Kirill Anatolyevich Boldovsky Кирилл Анатольевич Болдовский A historian tracing what the Leningrad Affair left unresolved
- Aleksandr Vladimirovich Pyzhikov Александр Владимирович Пыжиков A historian of the 1950s-60s USSR and the Russian church schism
- Aleksandr Vladlenovich Shubin Александр Владленович Шубин A historian who reads the Soviet collapse as elite power struggle
- Andrei Valerevich Sushkov Андрей Валерьевич Сушков Historian who advanced an alternative theory that corruption among Leningrad leaders provoked the late-Stalinist purge
- Andrei Mikhailovich Markevich Андрей Михайлович Маркевич A quantitative reinterpreter of Russian economic history
- Alexei Vasilyevich Safronov Алексей Васильевич Сафронов A historian of the Soviet economy's reform possibilities and limits
- Nikita Yuryevich Pivovarov Никита Юрьевич Пивоваров A historian of the institutional limits of Soviet industrial reform