A historian who reads the Soviet collapse as elite power struggle
In a 2021 interview he formulated the Soviet dissolution as the result not of an anti-nomenklatura revolution but of its incompleteness and inconsistency, treating the Moscow–Kyiv–Minsk core’s political struggle as decisive rather than peripheral national movements alone.
Aleksandr Vladlenovich Shubin (born 18 July 1965, Moscow) is a Russian historian and left-wing public figure. He graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute in 1989 after Air Force service in 1984–1985, worked at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1992, took his doctorate in history in 2000, and has taught at the State Academic University for the Humanities since 2003 and the Russian State University for the Humanities since 2007. His research covers socialist thought, revolutionary and anarchist movements, Soviet history and twentieth-century international relations; he is the author of about 25 monographs and served as an adviser to Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov in 1997–1998.
Career timeline
1982–1989Student, Moscow State Lenin Pedagogical Institute
1987–1999Active in informal socialist and anarchist movements; co-founder of the Obshchina club
1989–1992Postgraduate researcher, Institute of World History, Soviet Academy of Sciences
1992–2001Researcher, Institute of World History
2001–2015Head, Center for the History of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, Institute of World History
2003–Professor, State Academic University for the Humanities
2007–Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities
2015–Chief research fellow, Institute of World History
A Russian general shaped by obedience and uncompromising war
In August 1991, three protesters died when the armored column he commanded collided with a barricade in a Moscow tunnel.
Sergey Surovikin is a Russian military commander who began as a late-Soviet officer and rose to the highest levels of the post-Soviet armed forces. During the August 1991 coup attempt, he led a Taman Division BMP battalion into a Moscow tunnel where three protesters died in the confrontation; he was detained, but charges were dropped on the grounds that he had followed orders. He later commanded in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Syria, and Ukraine, gaining recognition for operational effectiveness alongside scrutiny over civilian harm. His career traces one route by which the Soviet command structure survived its state’s dissolution and reappeared in Russia’s militarized power.
Career timeline
1987Graduated from the Omsk Higher Combined-Arms Command School; platoon and company commander in the Taman Guards Motor Rifle Division
1989–1991Served in Afghanistan; commander of the 1st Motor Rifle Battalion, Taman Division
1991Commanded a BMP battalion deployed in Moscow during the August coup; detained after the tunnel clash and later cleared
1995–2002Studied at the Frunze Military Academy and General Staff Academy; held commands in Tajikistan and Chechnya
2017–2021Commanded Russian forces in Syria; appointed Aerospace Forces commander-in-chief and promoted to Army General
2022–2023Commanded Russia’s Southern Group and then the joint force in the invasion of Ukraine
2023–presentDeputy commander of the joint force; later removed as Aerospace Forces chief and placed at the Defence Ministry’s disposal
Historian who advanced an alternative theory that corruption among Leningrad leaders provoked the late-Stalinist purge
Sushkov argued the 'Leningrad Affair' was driven not by factional rivalry but by Leningrad's leaders showing how the secret-ballot system could be voided.
Andrei Sushkov is a Russian historian of the Soviet party-state power system and the administrative practices of regional nomenklatura. Drawing on primary sources from archives in the Urals, St. Petersburg, Karelia, and other regions, he advanced an alternative interpretation of the 'Leningrad Affair': the purge was provoked not only by elite power struggles but by widespread corruption and the private appropriation of state resources among Leningrad's leaders. His 2018 monograph 'The Leningrad Affair': A General Purge of the 'Cradle of the Revolution' is regarded as the most systematic treatment of the subject, reshaping a key debate in postwar Stalinist political history.
Career timeline
1993–1998Student, History Faculty, Nizhny Tagil State Pedagogical Institute
1998–2001Doctoral student, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of RAS
2003Candidate of Historical Sciences (dissertation: Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, 1957–1964)
2003–2004Senior lecturer, Nizhny Tagil State Social-Pedagogical Academy
2004–2006Researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of RAS
2007–presentSenior researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of RAS
A quantitative reinterpreter of Russian economic history
His 2021 study showed that regional differences in famine mortality were more closely associated with ethnic bias than with food productivity.
Andrei Markevich is an economic historian who reconstructs Russian economic history through quantitative evidence and institutional analysis. His work examines the state, markets, industrialization, and planning in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union over long time spans, and he has taught and conducted research at the New Economic School in Moscow. A 2021 study with Natalya Naumenko and Nancy Qian found that the high mortality of Ukrainians during the 1932–33 famine cannot be explained by food production alone, linking it to ethnically biased procurement policy and migration restrictions. The study uses large regional datasets to connect the famine’s economic mechanisms with the responsibility of state policy.
Career timeline
1994–1999Student, History Faculty, Moscow State University
2002Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences
2005–2007Postdoctoral fellow, Department of Economics, University of Warwick
2011National Prize in Applied Economics
2012–Professor and Head of Institutional Economics, New Economic School
A historian of the Soviet economy's reform possibilities and limits
"The Soviet economy can and should be considered as a single object," Safronov insists, reading its history as "cycles of centralisation and decentralisation."
Alexei Safronov is a Russian economist and historian who studies the Soviet economy across its full historical span. He rejects a simple opposition between liberalization and computerization in the Kosygin reform, instead presenting it as an attempt to combine economic and mathematical methods with material incentives inside a planned economy. His account stresses that the 1965 reform was more conservative in design than later memory often suggests, while its incomplete implementation produced both measurable gains and persistent limits.
Career timeline
2025Research Fellow, Institute for Social Sciences, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
2025Published “The Kosygin Reform: From Conception to Curtailment”
2025Authored The Great Soviet Economy: 1917–1991
2020Published research on computerization of planned-economic management in the USSR
presentResearches Soviet economic history and debates on reform
Russian imperial field marshal and generalissimo, the 'Russian Hannibal'
In the 1799 Italian and Swiss expedition of the War of the Second Coalition he commanded the Austro-Russian army, drove the French from Italy and was made generalissimo. France nevertheless won in Switzerland and the campaign's aim was not achieved.
A Russian imperial general and military theorist, field marshal in 1794 and generalissimo in 1799. He suppressed Pugachev's Rebellion and the Kościuszko Uprising and took part in the annexation of Crimea and the Kuban, and was undefeated in major engagements. His birth in 1729 or 1730 remains unsettled; he died of illness in Saint Petersburg on 18 May 1800.
Red Army division commander who raised the "Red Army of Truth" against grain requisitioning in 1920
From a peasant family of Novouzensk district, Samara province, he fought in the First World War and returned to Novouzensk in 1917 as a second lieutenant, becoming the first chairman of the district soviet. A Left Socialist Revolutionary, after the revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion he called himself a communist without joining the party. As commander of the Red Army's 22nd Division he held Uralsk through an 80-day siege in 1919, but was removed from the front "for inept command and a corrupting policy". In 1920, while forming the 9th Cavalry Division, he learned of his dismissal and on 14 July renamed the division the "1st Red Army of Truth" and rose in revolt. He was killed by a pursuing detachment near the aul of Koim on 6 September 1920.
Career timeline
1917First chairman of the Novouzensk district soviet
1918Member of the Samara provincial revolutionary committee; organised Red Guard units
1919Commander of the Red Army 22nd Division; 80-day defence of Uralsk
1920Formed the 9th Cavalry Division; in July led the "1st Red Army of Truth" revolt
The briefly recorded first chair of the Petersburg Soviet
On 13 October 1905, he was elected the first chair of the newly founded Petersburg Soviet.
Bogusław Zborowski was a labour movement activist in the 1905 Revolution whose personal biography is scarcely documented. He became the first chair of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies at its founding on 13 October 1905, and was replaced the following day by Georgy Khrustalev-Nosar. His brief tenure marks the moment when workers' representatives began consolidating a political organization amid the strike movement.
Career timeline
1905Activist in the Petersburg labour movement
1905.10.13Founding chair of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies
A historian of the institutional limits of Soviet industrial reform
In his 2025 study, Pivovarov showed that restoring the ministries centralized management in name while leaving them without effective power over enterprises.
Nikita Pivovarov is a Russian historian who studies Soviet economic history and changes in industrial-management institutions. As a senior researcher at RANEPA's Research Center for Applied History, he examines late-Soviet reforms through documents and institutional design. In a 2025 study, he traced the restoration of sectoral ministries during the Kosygin reform and argued that, amid the Brezhnev-Kosygin conflict, centralization was compromised from the outset and the ministries lacked effective authority over enterprises.
Career timeline
2012Earned a Candidate of Historical Sciences degree
2025Published a study of the Kosygin reform and changes in industrial management
presentSenior researcher, Research Center for Applied History, RANEPA
presentResearches Soviet economic history and industrial-management institutions
The carpenter-revolutionary who bombed the Winter Palace and founded Russia's first political workers' organization
"From this path there is no return," he once told workers, with tears in his eyes, begging them to reject terror — then he himself packed the Winter Palace cellar with dynamite.
A carpenter from Vyatka, Khalturin co-founded the Northern Union of Russian Workers in 1878, Russia's first political workers' organization. In 1880 he infiltrated the Winter Palace as a joiner and detonated dynamite beneath the imperial dining room; Alexander II survived only because his guest was late. Elected to the Narodnaya Volya Executive Committee after March 1881, he was captured and hanged in Odessa in 1882 for the assassination of Prosecutor Strelnikov; Lenin kept Khalturin's haut-relief alongside Marx in his Kremlin office.
Career timeline
1874–1875Entered Vyatka teachers' seminary; expelled for poor grades; trained as a cabinetmaker
1875–1877Moved to St. Petersburg, worked as carpenter in factories; joined revolutionary circles; went underground after the Kazan demonstration (1876)
1878Co-founded the Northern Union of Russian Workers with Viktor Obnorsky, drafting its program — Russia's first political workers' organization
1879.09Hired as a joiner at the Winter Palace under the alias Stepan Batyshkov; smuggled dynamite in daily under his bedding
1880.02.05Detonated a mine beneath the Winter Palace dining room; the tsar escaped due to a delayed dinner, but 11 guards died and 56 were wounded
1880–1881Escaped to Moscow; continued propaganda work among workers
1881.03Elected to the Narodnaya Volya Executive Committee
1882.03.18Participated in the assassination of Prosecutor Strelnikov in Odessa with Nikolai Zhelvakov; disguised as a cabman, both were captured
1882.03.22Court-martialed and hanged in Odessa under a false name, unidentified as the Winter Palace bomber
Peasant-born officer who commanded the United Partisan Army of Tambov and chaired the Union of Working Peasantry
Born in the village of Inokovka in Kirsanov district, Tambov province, he was conscripted in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War and stayed on for extended service in St Petersburg. In the First World War he fought in Galicia, winning the full set of four St George Crosses and four St George Medals; he was commissioned in 1915 and made lieutenant in 1917. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk he returned home, worked in the local militia and in 1918 formed a partisan detachment. In June 1920 he took command of the 2nd Insurgent Army and in November of the United Partisan Army of the Tambov region, while also chairing the Union of Working Peasantry. The Russian-language source says he was killed in a clash near the village of Bogoslovka on 28 February 1921; the English-language source places his death around June 1921.
Career timeline
1904Conscripted during the Russo-Japanese War; extended service
1915Commissioned as an officer
1917Lieutenant
1918Formed a partisan detachment at Inokovka
1920Commander of the 2nd Insurgent Army (June); commander of the United Partisan Army of Tambov and chairman of the Union of Working Peasantry (November)