People of the Revolution and the USSR

Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) Imperial establishment and White movement 1859–1943 ○ Natural causes

Leader of the Kadets: 'Stupidity or Treason?'

At the Duma tribune in November 1916, he listed the government's failures one by one and after each asked the same refrain — and the chamber roared back: "Treason!"

Historian and leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets). His 1916 'Stupidity or Treason?' speech shook the Tsarist regime, and as Foreign Minister he triggered the April Crisis of 1917. In exile he edited a newspaper in Paris; during the Nazi-Soviet war he backed the USSR.

Imperial establishment and White movement 1893–1937/1938? ✕ Disappeared, death unresolved

A White general turned clandestine Soviet collaborator

After luring Miller to the 1937 meeting, Skoblin vanished from Paris.

Nikolai Skoblin was a White Army officer of the First World War and Russian Civil War who became famous as the young major general commanding the Kornilov Shock Division. In exile he rose within the Russian All-Military Union, yet was recruited by Soviet intelligence and operated inside the émigré military milieu. His alleged role in passing material about a supposed Tukhachevsky conspiracy to Reinhard Heydrich places him at the centre of the dispute over whether forged German documents helped drive the purge or were shaped and used on Stalin’s initiative. After helping abduct Yevgeny Miller in 1937, Skoblin disappeared, and the circumstances of his death remain uncertain.

Imperial establishment and White movement 1895–1946 ✕ Executed

Soviet Air Force colonel turned ROA Air Force commander, builder of the Vlasov movement's air arm

In November 1941, wearing his Red Air Force colonel's uniform, he appeared at the German command post in occupied Yalta and declared his desire to fight the Bolsheviks.

A Soviet Air Force colonel who defected to the German side in Yalta in November 1941 and became a leading figure in the collaborationist movement. As commander of the KONR Air Force under General Andrei Vlasov, he built and led an aviation force of some 5,000 men and 40–45 aircraft, though it saw no combat before the war ended. His 1938 arrest by the NKVD, torture, and eventual release without confession proved a decisive turning point; he later published Conveyor of the GPU, an account of his imprisonment widely used in German propaganda. Handed over to the Soviet authorities by the Americans after the war, he was convicted of treason and hanged in 1946.

Soviet Union Imperial establishment and White movement 1901–1946 ✕ Executed

Hero of the Battle of Moscow who defected to lead the Nazi-backed Russian Liberation Army

June 1942: with his 2nd Shock Army encircled, Vlasov was offered escape by plane. He refused, hid in German-occupied territory with his men, and was betrayed by a local farmer ten days later.

Andrey Vlasov was a Red Army lieutenant general hailed as a "defender of Moscow" for leading the 20th Army in the capital's defense, who after his capture in the 1942 Lyuban operation defected to Nazi Germany. As leader of the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) and the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR), he advanced an anti-Stalinist program for a democratic Russia, codified in the 1944 Prague Manifesto with its pledges of national self-determination and basic freedoms. The Nazis used him chiefly as a propaganda weapon, but in the war's final days the ROA's 1st Division joined the Prague uprising against the Germans. Captured by Soviet forces after the war, he was hanged for treason following a secret trial; his legacy remains fiercely contested in Russian historiography and memory politics.