People of the Revolution and the USSR

France state institutions Counter-revolutionary forces 1878–1940 ✕ Killed when aircraft was shot down

The Paris prefect of police, hard on the left and indulgent to the leagues, whose dismissal lit the fuse of 6 February

'Then I shall be in the street', on the telephone with Daladier as he was removed, 3 February 1934. The right-wing press read it as notice that he would take to the streets; Chiappe said he had meant only that he would be out of a job

A Corsican from Ajaccio who rose through the police administration and served as prefect of police of Paris from 1927 to 1934. He had a standing reputation for severity toward left-wing demonstrations and indulgence toward the street actions of the far-right leagues, and was popular with the right-wing press and the veterans' associations. When Prime Minister Édouard Daladier removed him on 3 February 1934, the right read it as the republic striking down its own policeman, and three days later the Place de la Concorde erupted. He remained a central figure of Paris right-wing politics after his dismissal, and died in 1940 when the aircraft carrying him to take up the Vichy post of high commissioner in the Levant was shot down over the Mediterranean.

United States state institutions Counter-revolutionary forces 1893–1969 ○ Natural causes

The American intelligence official who institutionalized covert war

In 1945, negotiations for the surrender of northern Italy hastened the war's end while excluding the Soviet representative and Italian partisans.

Allen Dulles was an American diplomat, lawyer, and intelligence chief who linked wartime secret negotiations to the covert interventions of the Cold War. As head of the OSS station in Bern, he advanced Operation Sunrise, the negotiation of the German surrender in northern Italy, while its exclusion of the Soviet ally and implications for Italian partisan power exposed the tensions within the Allied coalition. He later led the CIA through coups in Iran and Guatemala and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, expanding both the reach of the American intelligence state and the questions of responsibility attached to it. His resignation after Cuba did not end his influence, which remains emblematic of the union of intelligence gathering and imperial intervention.

Greece state institutions Counter-revolutionary forces 1893–1972 ○ Natural causes

Architect of the dictatorship's security apparatus

In 1940, the police deployed a counterfeit KKE leadership and forged Rizospastis to confuse the party's members.

A former Greek Army officer, Konstantinos Maniadakis was a central official of Ioannis Metaxas's 4th of August dictatorship, organizing its security state and anti-communist repression. He combined the Asfaleia's intelligence network with torture and island exile to break the KKE's public activity and disable much of its leadership. In 1940, the police created a counterfeit KKE leadership and forged edition of Rizospastis to confuse party members. After liberation, he converted anti-communism into political capital and served as a parliamentarian, while his responsibility under the dictatorship went largely unaccounted for.

United States state institutions Counter-revolutionary forces 1908–1987 ○ Heart disease

The Mongoose architect whose six-phase Cuba overthrow plan convinced the Soviets invasion was coming

When McNamara asked what the 'x-factor' on his metrics list was, Lansdale replied: 'The feelings of the common rural Vietnamese people.' McNamara erased it and said he couldn't measure it.

A U.S. Air Force major general who turned advertising into a doctrine of psychological warfare, Lansdale first made his name helping crush the Hukbalahap rebellion in the Philippines by weaponizing local folklore, then ran the Saigon Military Mission as a close confidant of Ngô Đình Diệm. In February 1962 he submitted to President Kennedy the six-phase Cuba Project, a schedule that aimed for open revolt and overthrow of the Castro government by the first two weeks of October. The document became a crucial piece of Soviet intelligence: it convinced Moscow that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and helped trigger the missile crisis. Forced to retire in 1963 after refusing to abandon Diệm, Lansdale was later recognized as a founding figure of modern counterinsurgency and psychological operations.

France state institutions Counter-revolutionary forces 1909–1993 ✕ Assassinated

Vichy police chief who negotiated with the occupier

On 2 July 1942, he agreed to place the French police at the occupier’s disposal for the arrest of Jews.

René Bousquet was a senior French civil servant who pursued Vichy police collaboration while presenting it as a defense of French administrative sovereignty. He negotiated with German security officials for room to operate a French police force, while supplying that force to the persecution and deportation of Jews. His decisions helped make the July 1942 Vélodrome d'Hiver roundup possible, after which he escaped the main force of the post-Liberation purge and returned to influential business and political circles.