First Italian War of Independence
제1차 이탈리아 독립전쟁
The war fought from 23 March 1848 to 22 August 1849 by the Kingdom of Sardinia and Italian volunteers against the Austrian Empire and other conservative states, set off by the Five Days of Milan and the rising in Venice. Charles Albert's two campaigns of the "royal war" were lost at Custoza and Novara, and the "war of the people" in the other states ended with the fall of Rome and Venice.
In depth
Radetzky withdrew from Milan to the Quadrilateral of Peschiera, Verona, Legnago and Mantua. Some 65,000 Sardinian troops were joined by papal, Tuscan and Neapolitan contingents and volunteers, but these were uncoordinated, and the papal and Neapolitan forces dropped out after Pius IX's allocution of 29 April and the Neapolitan counter-coup of 15 May. After victories at Goito and Peschiera the Piedmontese were beaten at Custoza in July and, under the Salasco armistice of 9 August, withdrew from Lombardy–Venetia.
Charles Albert renewed the war on 20 March 1849 but was routed at Novara on the 23rd and abdicated. The rising at Brescia (23 March – 1 April) was also crushed. The Austrians then took Tuscany and the northern Papal States, the French took Rome, and Venice, stricken by cholera, surrendered on 22 August. By the Peace of Milan (6 August) Sardinia paid an indemnity of 65 million francs.