International Alliance of Socialist Democracy
국제사회주의민주동맹
The organisation Mikhail Bakunin founded in Geneva with 79 others on 28 October 1868. It applied to join the International Working Men's Association (the First International) as a body of its own; when the General Council refused, it formally dissolved in 1869 and its sections entered the International as ordinary branches. The Marxists held that a secret network survived the dissolution, and the Hague Congress of 1872 expelled Bakunin and James Guillaume over this "secret Alliance".
In depth
Bakunin wrote the Alliance's programme. It called for the political, economic and social equalisation of classes and of individuals of both sexes, beginning with the abolition of the right of inheritance, and, following the Brussels Congress, for collective ownership of land and the instruments of labour; it rejected any political action not aimed directly at the triumph of the workers' cause and held that existing states should dissolve into a universal union of agricultural and industrial associations. In a letter to a Spanish member Bakunin explained that while the International gathered the working masses, the Alliance was to give them revolutionary leadership as a kind of "revolutionary general staff".
On 22 December 1868 the General Council unanimously refused its admission in a resolution written by Marx: a second international body operating within and outside the association would be the most infallible means of its disorganisation and would make it a plaything for intriguers of every race and nationality. Around April 1870 Rafael Farga Pellicer and others in Barcelona founded a secret group with the same programme, and the Geneva Alliance decided to dissolve itself before the London Conference of September 1871.
At the Hague Congress of 1872 the commission of inquiry reported that the secret Alliance had been established with rules entirely opposed to those of the International, and the congress expelled Bakunin and Guillaume. How far the Alliance actually operated as an organisation remains disputed.