Kolokol (The Bell)

《종》

The first uncensored Russian revolutionary newspaper, published abroad by Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev. Founded in 1857 at the Free Russian Press in London and printed in Geneva from 1865, its Russian edition ran until 1867. Carrying the epigraph 'Vivos voco' (I call the living), it was smuggled into Russia and read across the empire, even at court, serving as an open indictment of serfdom, censorship and bureaucratic arbitrariness. The first Russian edition of the Communist Manifesto, translated by Bakunin, was printed at its press in the early 1860s. Its influence waned after the emancipation of 1861 as the younger radical generation broke with Herzen, and a French-language attempt in 1868 was its last.