national technical means of verification
국가 기술수단 검증
National technical means of verification refers to state-owned technical and intelligence-gathering capabilities used to monitor and assess compliance with an international agreement without relying on on-site inspection. In strategic arms control, satellite imagery and observation of telemetry from missile tests were central, while the parties undertook not to interfere with these means or use concealment measures that impeded verification.
In depth
In Cold War arms control, the concept covered independently operated capabilities such as reconnaissance satellites, electronic intelligence collection, radar, and optical sensors. The verification provisions of SALT I and SALT II established the principle that parties would not interfere with one another's national technical means or employ deliberate concealment measures intended to impede verification. Although SALT II was not ratified, the principle remained a reference point for mutual restraint and judgments about compliance after its 1979 signature, and satellite monitoring and noninterference rules continued into the START negotiations.
Related historical events
Sources
- Wikipedia (EN) (defines NTM as monitoring techniques, including satellite photography, used to verify treaty compliance, and describes noninterference and concealment provisions)
- 2009-2017.state.gov (U.S. Department of State archive, SALT II narrative and treaty information: verification through NTM including photo-reconnaissance satellites, noninterference, concealment and telemetry provisions)