People of the Revolution and the USSR

Hungary Fascists and Nazis 1884–1944 Died in Budapest

Gendarmerie officer whose detachment murdered two Népszava journalists and who joined King Charles’s 1921 return attempt

Born in Marosvásárhely, he became gendarmerie commander of Sopron after the fall of the Soviet Republic. On 17 February 1920 officers of his detachment murdered Béla Somogyi and Béla Bacsó of Népszava as a warning to Horthy’s opponents, and at the regency vote in March his troops kept “order” in the National Assembly. In August 1921 he refused to evacuate Sopron, opening the way for the town to remain in Hungary. That October he and other legitimist officers urged King Charles to seize power and escorted his armoured trains towards Budapest, but were defeated at Budaörs; he was amnestied and pensioned off. In 1932 he founded the Hungarian National Fascist Party under joint leadership with Pál Prónay.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1888–1959 ✕ Suicide while awaiting trial

Commander of Einsatzkommando 3 who directed the murder of Lithuania’s Jews and tallied it in the Jäger Report

Born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, he moved to Germany with his father at the age of three. He won the Iron Cross First Class in the First World War, managed an orchestrion factory in Waldkirch and joined the Nazi Party in 1923, becoming known as “Waldkirch’s Hitler”; he joined the SS in 1932. From July 1941 to September 1943 he commanded Einsatzkommando 3 of Einsatzgruppe A in Kaunas, which with Lithuanian help shot Jewish men, women and children indiscriminately and carried out the Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941. On 1 December 1941 he wrote a report keeping an almost daily tally of 137,346 executions. Sent back to Germany in late 1943 after a nervous breakdown, he lived after the war as a farm hand until his report came to light in 1959; arrested, he hanged himself while awaiting trial.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1888–1971 ✕ Traffic accident

Commander of the Waffen-SS IX Mountain Corps who led the German forces in the siege of Budapest and refused to surrender

He joined the army in 1907 and in the First World War served as a General Staff officer, including with the German military mission in Constantinople. Moving to the police in 1919, he headed Chile’s Carabineros and became inspector general of police schools, then joined the SS and served on Himmler’s staff. He commanded the SS Polizei Division from late 1939 and the VI SS Army Corps (Latvian) from 1943. Appointed commander of the IX SS Mountain Corps in Budapest in December 1944, he led the German forces in the siege from 24 December 1944 to 11 February 1945 and refused all invitations to surrender, setting off a long and bloody siege. Taken prisoner by the Soviets after the failed breakout, he was sentenced in 1949 to 25 years, released in 1955 and killed in a traffic accident at Bielefeld in 1971.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1895–1946 ✕ Executed by hanging

Higher SS and Police Leader who directed the mass shootings at Kamianets-Podilskyi, Babi Yar and Rumbula

The son of a textile factory owner in Hornberg in the Black Forest, he fought as an officer in the First World War. He joined the Nazi Party in 1929 and the SS in 1930, and from 1933 was police president and head of the political police in Brunswick. Chosen by Himmler in June 1941 as Higher SS and Police Leader for southern Russia and Ukraine, he controlled all Einsatzgruppen killings in his area and used his method in the mass shootings at Kamianets-Podilskyi (23,600 killed) and Babi Yar (33,771 killed). Moved to Ostland in November with orders to complete the extermination of Riga’s Jews, he watched over two days as 25,000 people were killed at Rumbula. Taken prisoner fighting the Red Army in April 1945, he was sentenced to death at the Riga trial and hanged in Riga on 3 February 1946.

Hungary Fascists and Nazis 1898–1946 ✕ Executed by hanging

Gendarmerie officer turned National Socialist who as state secretary for the interior in 1944 ran the deportation of Jews with László Endre

Born in Budapest, a military academy graduate and First World War officer, he made his name in Szeged in 1919 with violent counter-revolutionary work and rose to be one of the Gendarmerie’s leading figures. Retiring in 1938 as a major-general, he joined the Hungarian National Socialist Party, entered parliament in 1939 and edited the German-funded Magyarság. After the German occupation in 1944 he became political state secretary for the interior and, with László Endre, took charge of deporting the Jews; on 4 April he chaired a meeting with Eichmann’s officers that agreed to seize Jews’ possessions and move them into urban ghettos before deportation to Germany. Removed in the summer and arrested for plotting a coup against Horthy, he headed the National Security Office under the Arrow Cross. Arrested in Austria in 1945 and returned, he was hanged in 1946.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1900–1942 ✕ Fatally wounded by Soviet partisans

SS officer who led Einsatzgruppe A in 1941, instigating the Kaunas pogrom and directing the murder of Baltic Jews

Born into a pastor’s family in Sternenfels, he took a doctorate in law at Tübingen. He joined the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932, headed the Gestapo in Württemberg and then Breslau, and in 1938 became formal head of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna. Given command of Einsatzgruppe A in February 1941, he followed Army Group North into the Baltic states in June. He had Klimaitis start a pogrom in Kaunas and Arājs raise a unit in Riga, staging the killings as the “self-cleansing” of the local population. By the winter of 1941 he reported that Einsatzgruppe A had murdered some 249,420 Jews, and at the end of November he became commander of the Security Police and SD for Ostland. He was fatally wounded by Soviet partisans near Krasnogvardeysk, Russia, in March 1942.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1900–1945 ✕ Suicide

A principal architect of the Nazi racial state

At Posen in October 1943, he told SS officers that standing firm before 100, 500, or 1,000 corpses and staying 'decent' was 'a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of.'

Heinrich Himmler was a central Nazi leader who expanded the SS and police into a bureaucratic apparatus for racial rule and mass murder. He directed the concentration-camp system, extermination policies, and killing formations in occupied Europe, making him one of the principal perpetrators of the Holocaust and the murder of millions of other victims. During the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, he approved and directed the German reprisal that treated the city and its population as targets for destruction, massacre, and deportation. After attempting unauthorized negotiations with the Western Allies as Germany’s defeat became unavoidable, he was dismissed by Hitler, captured by British forces, and died by suicide in custody.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1900–1984 ○ Natural causes

A senior Nazi SS coordinator who became a late-war negotiating envoy

On 8 March 1945, Wolff met Allen Dulles in Switzerland to discuss terms for the surrender of German forces in northern Italy.

Karl Wolff was a senior Nazi SS officer who served as Heinrich Himmler’s chief of staff and stood close to the regime’s central decisions and crimes. As the highest SS and police leader in occupied Italy, he oversaw a system marked by the deportation of Jews, forced labor, and repression of the resistance, responsibilities not erased by his later negotiations. In 1945 he conducted the secret Operation Sunrise talks with OSS chief Allen Dulles in Switzerland, helping secure the early surrender of German forces in northern Italy, though his influence and motives were limited. After the war he was convicted for facilitating mass murder.

Germany state institutions Fascists and Nazis 1904–1942 ✕ Died of wounds from an assassination attack

Nazi official who led SS intelligence and police agencies in implementing the Holocaust.

At the 1942 Wannsee Conference, Heydrich coordinated German state agencies for the murder of Europe’s Jews.

Heydrich joined the SS in 1931 and built and led its Security Service (SD); in 1936 he took command of the Security Police, including the Gestapo and criminal police. When the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) was established in 1939, he became its chief, unifying the Security Police and SD under an agency central to Nazi persecution and mass murder of Jews and political opponents. Appointed acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia in 1941, he oversaw executions of resistance figures and the ghettoization and deportation of Jews. He chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference to coordinate ministries in the murder of European Jews; wounded in an attack by Czech resistance agents in May, he died on June 4.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1906–1962 ✕ Executed by hanging

SS officer who ran the deportation of Europe’s Jews to the death camps and in 1944 oversaw that of Hungary’s Jews to Auschwitz

Born to a Calvinist family in Solingen, Germany, he grew up in Austria, where the family moved in 1914, and joined the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. In 1938 he was posted to Vienna to organise Jewish emigration from Austria. Head of RSHA Sub-Department IV B4 from December 1939, he attended the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 and prepared its minutes, after which he and his staff were responsible for deporting Jews to the extermination camps. After Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 he oversaw the deportation of Hungary’s Jews; by the time the transports stopped in July, 437,000 of its 725,000 Jews had been deported. Captured by US forces after the war, he escaped from a detention camp and reached Argentina in 1950, but in 1960 Israel’s Mossad abducted him; tried in Jerusalem, he was hanged in 1962.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1910–1988 ○ Died in prison

Latvian former policeman whose Arajs Kommando, under the SS Security Service, murdered about half of Latvia’s Jews

Born in Baldone to a Latvian blacksmith and a mother from a wealthy Baltic German family, he served in the Latvian Army, studied law at the University of Latvia and was a policeman until 1938. When the Germans entered Riga in July 1941 he was introduced to Stahlecker and recruited a unit from his student fraternity and the Pērkonkrusts, which took part in burning Riga’s synagogues on 4 July. The Arajs Kommando murdered some 26,000 people in Latvia and then Belarus, and he was made an SS-Sturmbannführer in 1943. Interned in a British camp until 1949, he lived under a false name and worked at a printing company in Frankfurt. In 1979 the Hamburg State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment for leading the Jews of the Riga ghetto to their deaths on 8 December 1941; he died in prison in Kassel in 1988.

Nazi party and regime Fascists and Nazis 1913–1991 ○ Life sentence for crimes against humanity

The Nazi Gestapo chief who made Lyon a center of terror

At his 1987 Lyon trial, he denied the Izieu roundup and said: “I fought the Resistance. It was war.”

Klaus Barbie was an SS and Sicherheitsdienst officer who commanded the Gestapo in occupied Lyon, organizing systematic persecution of the French Resistance and Jews. He arrested and tortured Jean Moulin at Caluire and was responsible for deporting 44 Jewish children and their teachers from Izieu to Auschwitz. After the war, U.S. intelligence used him in anti-communist operations and helped him escape to Bolivia, where he avoided justice for decades before his 1987 Lyon trial and life sentence for crimes against humanity. His case exposes both the continuity of Nazi criminal networks and the impunity produced by Cold War anti-communism.