July Monarchy
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The constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans, "King of the French", set up after the July Revolution of 1830 overthrew Charles X. A franchise limited to a small tax-paying minority left power with bankers and the upper bourgeoisie, and the regime grew more conservative under Guizot in the 1840s. It fell in the revolution of 24 February 1848.
In depth
The July Monarchy lasted from 9 August 1830 to 24 February 1848. By calling himself "King of the French" rather than "King of France", Louis Philippe signalled an acceptance of popular sovereignty, and he promised a juste milieu between the Legitimists and the republicans. The electorate grew from about 94,000 under Charles X to just over 200,000 men by 1848, still roughly one percent of the population. Casimir Perier and Guizot broke up republican societies and curbed the press, and the silk-workers' (Canut) risings of Lyon in 1831 and 1834 and the Paris rising of 1834 were put down by the army. In The Class Struggles in France Marx described the regime as the rule of a "finance aristocracy", a joint-stock company for exploiting the national wealth. Amid the bad harvests and slump of 1846–1847 and a string of scandals, the ban on the reform banquets set off the February Revolution of 1848.