Харбинская операция НКВД (Приказ НКВД № 00593) · 1937–1938

하얼빈 작전

Harbin Operation

상위 항목 대숙청

대숙청기 NKVD 민족 작전의 하나로, 1937년 9월 20일 예조프가 서명한 작전명령 제00593호에 따라 만주에서 귀환한 동청철도 전직 직원과 '하얼빈 출신자'들을 겨냥한 대량 탄압 작전이다. 표적은 민족적으로 러시아인이었지만 국경 너머 연결 고리를 이유로 '기능적 디아스포라'로 간주되어 민족 작전의 틀 안에서 처벌받았으며, 전체 민족 작전 중 폴란드·독일 작전에 이어 세 번째 규모였다. 희생자 규모는 연구자에 따라 3만~4만 9천여 명이 유죄 판결을 받고 그중 1만 9천~3만 1천여 명이 총살된 것으로 추산된다.

관련 인물

니콜라이 예조프

관련 역사 사건

출처

  1. 위키백과 (러시아어) Russian Wikipedia: comprehensive article on the Harbin Operation; defines it as a mass repressive campaign of the Great Terror (1937–1938) against 'Harbinites' — former CER employees, re-émigrés from Manchuria; Order No. 00593 signed by Yezhov 20 Sep 1937; third largest national operation; estimates 30,000–49,000 convicted and 19,000–31,000 shot; two-category sentencing system; album procedure and troikas.
  2. 위키백과 (영문) English Wikipedia: NKVD Order No. 00593 'about Harbinites'; background of CER sale to Manchukuo in 1935 and repatriation of ~25,000 people; Memorial estimate of 48,133 repressed and 30,992 shot; 13 pre-defined arrest categories; operation extended beyond original deadline of 25 Dec 1937.
  3. sciencespo.fr Nicolas Werth, Sciences Po (2010): frames the Harbin Operation as the clearest illustration that 'Soviet xenophobia was an ideological rather than an ethnic concept'; despite ethnic Russianness the Kharbintsy were treated as a functional equivalent of a diaspora nationality and targeted within the National Operations.
  4. aljazeera.com Nikolay Korzhov, Al Jazeera (2017): reportage on the Harbin Operation as the 'third bloodiest' national operation; personal accounts of victims' families including Viktor Didenko and Elena Rudiy; describes the order mandating 'a broad operation to arrest and eliminate' all Harbiners and their families.
  5. cyberleninka.ru N.N. Ablazhey, Гуманитарные науки в Сибири (2008): academic article on the Harbin Operation; analyses NKVD statistics and investigation files; confirms 20.6–21.5 thousand repatriated in 1935 and the operation's scale and specific character as a national operation.
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