People of the Revolution and the USSR

1923–2015 ○ Natural causes

Singapore’s founding prime minister, who led the city-state through independence and its early development

Lee co-founded the People's Action Party in 1954 and served as Singapore's prime minister from 1959 to 1990. He pursued merger with Malaya, helping form Malaysia in 1963, but Singapore separated from the federation and became independent in 1965. His government drove industrialisation and expanded public housing and education, while also using defamation law and detention without trial and restricting the press, public assembly, labour activism and civil liberties. He met Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to discuss Vietnam and later helped shape ASEAN's opposition to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.

United States state institutions 1924–2024 ○ Natural causes

The 39th U.S. president whose administration marked both the peak and the end of détente

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter declared in his January 1980 State of the Union: 'An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America.'

A Georgia peanut farmer and Baptist, Carter rose from Navy nuclear submarine officer to become a 'New South' governor who pledged to end racial discrimination. Elected president in 1976 as a Washington outsider, he brokered the Camp David Accords, returned the Panama Canal, and normalized diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. In June 1979 he brought détente to its peak by signing SALT II with Brezhnev in Vienna, only to withdraw the treaty from Senate consideration after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that December, proclaiming the Carter Doctrine and closing the era of détente. After leaving office he founded the Carter Center, dedicating his post-presidency to human rights, public health, and conflict mediation, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.

United States state institutions 1925–2020 ○ Natural causes

A cautious strategist at the Cold War's end

He worried that the Malta Summit was premature, yet ultimately helped make it happen.

Brent Scowcroft was a former U.S. Air Force officer and national-security official whose realist approach emphasized disciplined policy coordination between presidents, diplomats, and military leaders. As national security adviser to Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush, he helped manage arms policy and European diplomacy during the final years of the Cold War. He initially regarded the 1989 Malta Summit as premature because it might raise expectations without producing results, but then helped the administration navigate the meeting and the rapid transformation of U.S.-Soviet relations. In later years he continued to favor alliances and international institutions, criticizing the Iraq invasion and unilateralism.

United States state institutions 1928–2010 ○ Stroke

Kennedy's speechwriter whose pen chose 'quarantine' over airstrikes at the nuclear brink

Asked if he wrote 'ask not what your country can do for you,' his lifelong reply was: 'Ask not.'

John F. Kennedy's chief speechwriter and closest adviser, whom Kennedy called his 'intellectual blood bank.' During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, he opposed the Joint Chiefs' call for airstrikes and backed the naval blockade, drafting Kennedy's October 22 televised address and choosing the word 'quarantine' over 'blockade' to avoid the legal implication of a declaration of war. He later called it 'the Kennedy speech with the greatest impact on the planet,' and also drafted the president's secret correspondence with Khrushchev. After the assassination he wrote Johnson's 'Let Us Continue' address, resigned in 1964, and spent decades as an international lawyer and author, endorsing Barack Obama in 2008.

Estonia state institutions 1928–2024 ○ Natural causes

The agronomist who pushed a sovereignty declaration through the Soviet system and led Estonia out of the empire

Lukyanov warned him of a ten-year sentence for 'anti-constitutional activity.' Rüütel stood his ground: 'We will convene the Supreme Council and put the Declaration of Independence to a vote,' inadvertently saying 'Independence' instead of 'Sovereignty,' as he later recalled.

An agricultural economist from the Estonian island of Saaremaa, Rüütel rose through the Soviet system: rector of the Estonian Agricultural Academy, Communist Party functionary, and finally chairman of the Presidium of the Estonian SSR Supreme Soviet in 1983. On 16 November 1988, defying Moscow's threat of imprisonment, he pushed the Estonian sovereignty declaration through the legislature, opening the first crack in the Soviet edifice; in 1990, as chairman of the Supreme Council, he declared Soviet rule illegal and initiated the transition to restored independence. After independence he was elected president in 2001 and served until 2006, steering Estonia into NATO and the European Union.

Benin state institutions 1929–2019

Writer and economist, rapporteur of Benin's National Conference

In the 10 March 1991 first round he took third place with 165,174 votes (14.21%); one reference gives 162,498 votes instead.

Beninese writer, economist and politician. Born in Porto-Novo in 1929, he served as Dahomey's information minister from 1960 to 1963. In the 1991 presidential election he placed third in the first round with 14.21% as the candidate of Notre Cause commune, and in 2006 he became Benin's first Médiateur de la République.

Madagascar state institutions 1931–1975

Fokonolona and local communities

Accepting power from General Ramanantsoa, he declared, "Tsy hiambaho adidy aho, mon général!" ("I will not shirk my duty, my general!").

A Malagasy officer and politician who, as interior minister after 1972, promoted reorganization through traditional fokonolona communities. He became head of state in February 1975 and was assassinated soon afterward. His proposals should be distinguished from Ratsiraka’s later state planning.